W8last Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W8last - Essay Example In this stage, the organization’s management highlights any evidence that there is an interconnection between leadership development and performance of the organization, as well as the skills and competences needed to accomplish the organization’s leadership goals (Reynolds, 2000). If leadership development does not match the organizational goals, it may not be useful for the organization. The second step is usually awareness creation concerning the characteristics that the organization is likely to achieve through the application of various tools for diagnosis. The diagnostic tools are supposed to match the organization’s leadership needs. The tools are also supposed to be connected to a particular competency model or an approved structure that corresponds to the nature of a triumphant leader in the organization. The third step is to activate the leadership development in individuals through connecting the awareness of development needs to the personal career goals with the organization’s strategic goals. The result is a concise and intended development plan that matches the individual needs as well as the organization’s strategic objectives. It provides a basis for leadership development. It is also important to empower the leaders through training and development to increase their capacity to perform in leadership roles. The leaders are then gi ven the opportunity to apply the skills acquired, which according to Sosik (2000) allows value creation in the individual’s abilities. These criteria are important since they allow an effective cost benefit analysis that allows the evaluation of the need to invest in leadership development. The organization is able to identify some tangible benefits of the leadership development programs. 2- Take your organization as the example. What leadership model is the most appropriate for your organization, and what are some of the advantages and

Jacksonian democracy Essay Example for Free

Jacksonian democracy Essay Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political philosophy of United States President Andrew Jackson and his supporters. Jacksons policies followed in the footsteps of Thomas Jefferson. Jacksons Democratic Party was resisted by the rival Whig Party. More broadly, the term refers to the period of the Second Party System (1824-1854) when Jacksonian philosophy was ascendant as well as the spirit of that era. It can be contrasted with the characteristics of Jeffersonian democracy, which dominated the previous political era. Jacksons equal political policy became known as Jacksonian Democracy, subsequent to ending what he termed a monopoly of government. The Jacksonian era saw a great increase of respect and power for the common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult citizens, rather than only land owners in that group. In contrast to the Jeffersonian era, Jacksonian democracy promoted the strength of the presidency and executive branch at the expense of Congress, while also seeking to broaden the publics participation in government. Jacksonians believed in enfranchising all white men, rather than just the propertied class, and supported the patronage system that enabled politicians to appoint their supporters into administrative offices, arguing it would reduce the power of elites and prevent aristocracies from emerging. They demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values. In national terms the Jacksonians favored geographical expansion, justifying it in terms of Manifest Destiny. There was usually a consensus among both Jacksonians and Whigs that battles over slavery should be avoided. The Jacksonian Era lasted roughly from Jacksons 1828 election until the slavery issue became dominant after 1850 and the American Civil War dramatically reshap ed American politics as the Third Party System emerged.

The American :: essays research papers

A literary technique that authors often times employ is giving to the characters a name to enhance the reader’s understanding of that character. In The American, Henry James uses this style with most of his characters’ names. Often times, the names may translate into an English word, or it could even just sound like an English word. The novel is better understood because of this and the reader can get more meaning out of each character and his or her personality traits. In whichever way James chooses to depict names, they intensify the reader’s comprehension. The main character, Christopher Newman, is a prime example of Henry James’ use of this method. He is named after Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America, as he says early in the novel, "Did you ever hear of Christopher Columbus?†¦my parents named me for him." (6). This is just relating him ever more to America and distinguishing him from a European. His last name "Newman" is very symbolic. He has traveled to Europe and Paris to basically become a "new man." He has given up his previous life of business and hard work, and is determined to live carefree and abroad. Newman changes day by day, and the reader follows along with these changes. The name Claire de Cintré also enhances the reader’s knowledge of her as a person. "Claire" in French means "light" and "Cintré" often can be translated as "crazy" or "insane." Claire is a light in many ways. She always wears white clothing, which can be very bright and seems to almost emit a glow when she is in a room. Her personality is also very lightening. She is well liked among everyone the reader is introduced to and always seems to attract the attention of people when she is in the room. Newman says, "†¦if you are going into a room with Madame de Cintré, you needn’t be afraid of being noticed yourself!" (139). Claire also can be seen by the reader to be a bit "crazy." She puts on a grand façade to those around her, but she can be different. She seems to be very depressed behind the happy face that she puts on. Nobody will really speak of why her previous marria ge was such a disaster, and this may be the cause of her depression. The reader can also assume that living with a mother and brother as the Marquise de Bellegarde and Urbain could drive any sane person a bit mad.

Quantum Physics

However, it must be noted that the European Debt Crisis is still going on in most of the European countries, and thus, It might be more favorable for Ping An to focus on the Salsa- Pacific market where most of the markets are still emerging and most importantly, hose markets have low correlation with the impact of global economy crisis due to lesser trading activities with those countries affected by the crisis.In order to penetrate successfully Into emerging market and less developed countries such as India, Vietnam and Africa, one needs to understand several factors relating to the target markets such as local cultural & customary practices, size & scope of possible opportunities, understand needs and wants of consumers and observe how the services are used In the market and by whom. Moreover, the strategy Ping An choose o pursue foreign market opportunities usually depends on a number of factors including cost of alternative strategies, the amount of inherent risks involved, gover nment regulations and local market conditions.While asset management had been slow to take off in most developed countries, insurance sectors are growing rapidly In emerging economies. Supported by favorable macroeconomic factors including population growth and rising income levels such as the case of India where the Indian insurance industry emerged as one of the fastest developing markets of he global insurance industry (Money Control 2011). Some of the market entry strategies that Ping An could use Include setting up wholly owned subsidiaries In these emerging market.This Is when 100% of the substandard common stock Is owned by Ping An. With such strategy, Ping An could introduce its insurance products to the locals according to their needs and wants. Moreover, in order to compete with the rest of the insurance companies in India, Ping An would need to engage in product Innovation so as to better match the risk profile of policy holders and making ales and marketing more responsi ble & answerable (Parker 2012). Ping An could also engage in less risky strategy such as partnering with the local insurance companies or Joint ventures.A Joint venture Is a strategic alliance where 2 or more parties, usually businesses, form a partnership to share markets, Intellectual property, assets, knowledge and profits. Such strategy is deemed to be less risky since the local partnership might provide Ping An access to greater resources including, specialized staff and technology. Moreover, local companies would have greater understanding of the local's needs and wants, allowing Ping An to customize insurance products that suits the needs of policy holders.However, it must be noted that the main disadvantage of such strategy is that in most joint ventures, objectives are usually not 100% clear and communicated with everyone involved, thus this could lead to unwanted dispute between parties (Allen 2011). Last but not least, Ping An could also engage In foreign direct Investmen t by purchasing the shares of another insurance company in the emerging market. For example, India recently has 1 OFF companies (Chuddar and Kola 2014). Such opening of the sector could be consider as an opportunity for Ping An to penetrate into the large IIS$ 66. Billion Indian market (FIEF 2014). However, rigid due diligence must be done about the local insurance companies prior investing to prevent any mishaps or poor performance of the company. In conclusion, Ping An could consider engaging in these market entry strategies that have been posit earlier but there is a need to weigh both the advantages and disadvantages of executing these different strategy so as to ensure a successful global expansion of Ping An insurance business.

Nigeria My Country

After an initial lag in 1973 and 1974, when large surpluses were saved and invested abroad, consolidated public expenditure accelerated rapidly: by 1976 it absorbed the entire oil windfall (Figure 2). By 1977 combined federation and states capital expenditure increased six fold over their 1970 level. Public capital expenditure accelerated so strongly that it alone accounted for the spending of more than half of the entire oil windfall. However, Nigeria's continued failure to improve its ranking in measures of educational success or infrastructure quality suggest that much of this expenditure was conceived too hastily and ended up largely leading to waste and corruption. Weak institutions and poor governance have contributed substantially to Nigeria’s public debt problems, as the majority of projects financed by public borrowing during the late 1970s and 1980s failed to generate an adequate rate of return needed to improve the repayment capacity of the country. Thus during the 1970s, public expenditure was primarily financed from oil revenues, made possible by the high oil prices in the 1970s, some domestic borrowing, and relatively modest external borrowing. At the time of the second oil shock in 1980, when oil prices jumped to almost $40/bbl, the Since the oil prices collapse in the early 1980s, Nigeria experienced rapid external debt built-up and dwindling foreign exchange reserves: public and publicly guaranteed external debt increased from $4. 3 billion to $11. 2 billion, while foreign exchange reserves were almost exhausted, from $10 billion to $1. 23 billion, all between 1981 and 1983.

Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident

Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Be Self-Confident Easy Ways To Finally Overcome Your Fear Of Public Speaking According to the recent researches, the biggest fear among people is public speaking. Not spiders, not height, even not death, but public speaking is considered to be the thing that people are scared the most. Among the reasons, you may hear the weirdest arguments. Here are the most common causes of peoples biggest fear and possible solutions to deal with it. Dealing with Fear of Public Speaking You sound boring You will never make people bored in the hall if you do not make them bored during your everyday life. However, the more nervous you are, the less confident you will sound during your presentation. Do not be nervous and your real inner character will show itself on the stage. You will belaughted at The most important thing to remember while speaking in public people do not laugh at you, they only laugh with you. Thus, there is no need to feel nervous or ashamed just continue your presentation and laugh with them even if you did not plan to. Humor will cheer you up and give you necessary confidence. You will let audience see your nervousness There is nothing bad in being slightly nervous. People expect you to feel like this, so no one will accuse you of anything. Just not let your nervous feeling grow into public speaking anxiety this is what you are required to do. You will forget everything Even though it is a common problem, there are plenty of ways out of this situation: Make sure your speech is coherent and logic structure all the points, so that it is easy to move from one to another. If you think you are going to forget something, just take a deep breath, think for a second and the lost thought will come to your mind straightaway. Repeat the thought that you have just mentioned. It will push you to the next point of your presentation. Always keep your notes close in case nothing previous helps. However, refer to them at last moment. Just tell the public you forgot everything. Surely as a joke. This will give you a small break and let you remember the lost point. You will fail to answer the questions Firstly remember, you are not supposed to answer all the questions. If somebody is intentionally trying to load you with unanswerable questions, try to turn it into a joke. If it does not help, simply ask that person to wait and give you the business card to be able to answer the question later. You will freeze Here is it, the biggest fear among all the fears. It is situation when you unexpectedly forget everything not being able to say a word. The solution to this is as simple as that just talk. You will never freeze if your mouth does not stop speaking. On the contrary, the longer you stay silent, the more nervous you as well as the audience become.

Environmental Uncertainty Essays

Environmental Uncertainty Essays Environmental Uncertainty Paper Environmental Uncertainty Paper Environmental Uncertainty in Organization. Define environmental uncertainty and resource dependence. Describe the major ways in which managers can deal with high environmental uncertainty and resource dependence. A good answer would base the analysis of environmental uncertainty on Dunces approach, which characterizes uncertainty in the stable-unstable and simple-complex dimensions. It should identify buffering, boundary spanning, organizational differentiation and integration as responses to growing uncertainties. As to management of resource dependence, the student should refer to inter-organizational linkages (ownership, strategic alliances, interlocking directorates, executive recruitment) and boundary spanning. The modern organizations do not live in the vacuum. They are open systems, which must interact with the environment. It must continuously change and adapt to the environment. Organizational environment is defined as all elements that exist outside the boundary of the organization and have the potential to affect all or part of the organization. The environment of an organization can also be understood by analyzing its domain within external sectors. An organizations domain is the chosen environmental field of action. Domain defines the organizations niche and defines those external sectors with which the organization will interact to accomplish its goals. The environment comprises several sectors or subdivisions of the external environment that contain similar elements. Ten sectors can be analyses for each organization: industry, raw materials, human resources, financial resources, market, technology, economic conditions, government, acculturation an d international. The environment influences the organization by two essential ways, first, the need for information about the environment; second, the need for resources room the environment. The environmental condition of complexity and change create a greater need to gather information and to respond based on that information. The organization also is concerned with the scarce material and financial resources provided by the environment and with the needs to ensure the availability of resources. Environmental uncertainty means that decision makers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors and they have a difficult time predicting external changes. Uncertainty increases the risk of failure for organizational responses and sakes it difficult to compute costs and probabilities associated with decision alternatives. Characteristics of the environmental domain that influence uncertainty are the extent to which the external domain is simple or complex and the extent to which events are stable or unstable. Simple and complex dimension The simple-complex dimension concerns environmental complexity, which refers to heterogeneity, or the number and dissimilarity of external elements relevant to an organizations operations. In a complex environment, many diverse external elements interact with and influence the organization. While in a simple environment, as few as three or four similar external elements influence the organization. MBPS is good example for the organization in a complex environment. It must cope with the customers, which is the potential students, competitors, which is the other business school such as LBS, Cornfield, and it must cope with government as well. We can also add alumni, MBA association To this list. In a word, a large number of external elements thus make up the organizations domain, creating a complex environment. Comparing with MBPS, a community middle school is rather living in a simple environment. As in the same community there are no other competitors, it also need not to attract potential students for all the students are assigned to this school. Stable-unstable dimension The stable-unstable dimension refers to whether elements in the environment are dynamic. An environmental domain is stable if it remains the same over a period of months or years. Under unstable conditions, environmental elements shift abruptly. Take competition for example, instability may occur when competitors react with aggressive moves and counterforce regarding advertising and new products. The simple-complex and stable-unstable dimensions are combined into a framework for assessing environmental uncertainty. ( Daft 137) There are four kinds of external environment uncertainty. A simple stable environment has low uncertainty. There are only a few outside elements to concern about and they are very stable which makes it to be easy to predict. Container manufactures are a good example under this environment. The whole market for container is 2. An a complex but stable environment the uncertainty is somewhat greater than the above one. A large number of elements have to be scanned, analyses, and acted upon for the organization to perform well. But as the external elements do not change rapidly or unexpectedly, it is not difficult for the decision maker to predict future change. Hospitals are under this 3. The simple but unstable environment has greater uncertainty than complex but stable environment. Although there are small numbers of external elements and they are similar, they are hard to predict and they react unexpectedly to organizational initiatives. Most e-commerce companies are in this kind of environment. They focus on a specific competitive niche which are not complicated. But the elements in this environment are not stable. The taste of customers is changing all the time; the competitors will introduce new product from time to time, even the government will set some regulation unexpectedly. The greatest uncertainty for an organization occurs in the complex, unstable environment. A large number of elements impinge upon the organization, and they shift frequently or react strongly to organizational initiatives. When several sectors change simultaneously the environment becomes turbulent. We have countless examples under this environment Most of the international company sees are facing Environmental uncertainty represents an important contingency for organization structure and internal behaviors. Organizations facing uncertainty generally have a more horizontal structure that encourages cross- functional communication and collaboration to help the company adapt to changes in the environments. Organizations need to have the right fit between internal structure and the external environment with respect to positions and departments, organizational differentiation and integration, control processes, and future planning and forecasting. 1 Positions and departments As the complexity in the external environment increases, so does the number of positions and departments within the organization, which in turn increases internal complexity. Each sector in the external environmental sector requires an employee or department to deal with it. One of the traditional ways to cope with uncertainty is to establish buffer department, whose main task is to absorb uncertainty from the environment (this can be called buffer role) so that the technical core, which performs the primary production activity of the organization can keep relatively stable and internal efficiency. For example, the human resources department buffers the technical core by handling the uncertainty associated with finding, hiring, and training production employees. Recently a rather new approach is to drop the buffers and expose the technical core to the uncertain environment. The advocates of this approach insist that being well connected to customers and suppliers is more important than internal efficiency. While opening up the organization to the environment makes it more fluid and adaptable, the organization must have good way to keep balance between reaction to the environment and internal efficiency. It requires the organization have more efficient communication and learning system. Another important role of organization to avoid uncertainty is boundary- spanning roles which link and coordinate an organization with key elements in the external environment This is a two directions role, on one hand detecting and bringing into the organization information about changes in the environment, on the other hand to send information into the environment that presents the organization in a favorable light. In this changing world, organizations have to react to environment very fast, otherwise the organization will die. One of the fastest growing areas of boundary spanning is competitive intelligence. Companies large and small are setting up competitive intelligence departments or hiring outside specialists to gather information on competitors. And then the organizations can adapt its own activity according to the information. The boundary task of sending information into the environment to represent the organization is used to influence other peoples perception Of the organization. In the marketing department, advertising and sales people represent the organization to customers. If the department does not deliver the right information about organization to the external environment, the organization will meet some problems. Organizational differentiation and integration Organization differentiation is the differences in cognitive and emotional orientations among managers in different functional departments, and the difference in formal structure among these departments. The external environment and main challenge for different department within organization is different which makes organizational departments become highly specialized to handle the uncertainty in their external sector. Sometimes, those expertise even seem opposite. The conflict between sales department and finance department is not rare in our life. This naturally introduces another important approach to uncertainty: organization integration, which is the quality of collaboration among departments. Integration mainly involves in coordination among department. As the different departments have different goals, different ways to cope with external environment, coordination between different departments become more and more important. The main role of coordinator is to improve the immunization between departments, maintain common goal of the organization, and so on. Facing the highly uncertain external environment, the organization has to have a high level of differentiation and integration, which help organization keep both flexibility and efficiency. If the uncertainty level of external environment is low, the best strategy for organization is to have a relatively low level differentiation and integration which will be more efficient. 3. Control processes Organization will perform better when the levels of differentiation and integration match the level of uncertainty in the environment. Here we come to another related issue: what kind of control processes is suitable for the organization. This depends on The organization with a high level of differentiation and integration should has looser, free-flowing, and adaptive organization structure. 4. Future planning and forecasting Framework, (Handout 4. 6) organization design under different external environment. Now we turn to the second way the environment affects organization: the need for scarce material resource and financial resource from the organization. Organizations need resources from environment to support velveteen. Resource dependence means that organizations depend on the environment but strive to acquire control over resources to minimize their dependence. Two strategies can be adopted to manage resources in the external environment: 1 . Establish favorable linkages with key elements in the environment; There are five main ways to establish favorable linkages with key elements in the environment. Namely, ownership, formal strategic alliances, interlocking directorates, executive recruitment and buffer spanning. Ownership: companies use ownership to establish linkages when they buy a art of or a controlling interest in another company. This gives the company access to technology, products, or other resources it doses t currently have. Formal strategic alliances: when there is a high level of complementary between the business lines, geographical positions, or skills of two companies, the firms often go the route of a strategic alliance rather than ownership through merger or acquisition. Such strategic alliances reduce uncertainty through a legal and binding relationship with another firm. Almost everyday we can hear the news of merge of big companies. Toshiba is en of the most successful companies, which established market strength through merge. It became the top maker of large-scale memory chips through a joint venture with Motorola. Interlocking directorates: interlocking directorate is a formal linkage that occurs when a member of the board of directors of one company sits on the board of directors of another company. The individual is a communications link between companies and can influence policies and decisions. Executive recur tenement: transferring or exchanging executives also offers a method of establishing favorable linkages with external organizations. This provides another channel of influence and communication between organizations serves to reduce financial uncertainty and dependence for an Buffer spanning: as I mentioned above, buffer spanning role involves transfer organization information to external environment. A further effort of buffer spanning is try to establish favorable relationships with external environment so that the organization can occupy more resources. 2. Shape the environmental domain. In addition to adapt to the environment, organization also sometimes try to change the environment.

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolution

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in the American Revolution The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga took place May 10, 1775, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the early days of the conflict, multiple American commanders recognized the strategic importance of Fort Ticonderoga. Located on Lake Champlain, it provided an important link between New York and Canada as well as held a treasure trove of badly-needed artillery. Moving forward in early May, less than a month after war started, forces led by Colonels Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold advanced on the forts small garrison. Storming the fort on May 10, they met minimal resistance and quickly captured it. Fort Ticonderoga served as a launching point for the American invasion of Canada in 1775 and its guns were later removed for use in ending the Siege of Boston. Gibraltar of America Built in 1755 by the French as Fort Carillon, Fort Ticonderoga controlled the southern part of Lake Champlain and guarded the northern approaches to the Hudson Valley. Attacked by the British in 1758 during the Battle of Carillon, the forts garrison, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and the Chevalier de Levis, successfully turned back Major General James Abercrombies army. The fort fell into British hands the following year when a force commanded by Lieutenant General Jeffrey Amherst secured the post and it remained under their control for the rest of the French Indian War. With the end of the conflict, Fort Ticonderogas importance diminished as the French were forced to cede Canada to the British. Though still known as the Gibraltar of America, the fort soon fell into disrepair and its garrison was greatly reduced. The state of the fort continued to decline and in 1774 was described by Colonel  Frederick Haldimand as being in ruinous condition. In 1775, the fort was held by 48 men from the 26th Regiment of Foot, several of which were classified as invalids, led by Captain William Delaplace. A New War With the beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, Fort Ticonderogas significance returned. Recognizing its importance as a logistical and communications link along the route between New York and Canada, the British commander at Boston, General Thomas Gage, issued orders to the Governor of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton, that Ticonderoga and Crown Point be repaired and reinforced. Unfortunately for the British, Carleton did not receive this letter until May 19. As the Siege of Boston commenced, American leaders became concerned that the fort afforded the British in Canada with a route for attacking their rear. Governor Sir Guy Carleton. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada Voicing this, Benedict Arnold appealed to the Connecticut Committee of Correspondence for men and money to mount an expedition to capture Fort Ticonderoga and its large store of artillery. This was granted and recruiters commenced attempting to raise the forces required. Moving north, Arnold made a similar plea to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. This too was approved and he received a commission as a colonel with orders to raise 400 men to attack the fort. In addition, he was given munitions, supplies, and horses for the expedition. Major General Benedict Arnold. Photograph Courtesy of the National Archives Records Administration Two Expeditions While Arnold began planning his expedition and recruiting men, Ethan Allen and militia forces in the New Hampshire Grants (Vermont) began plotting their own strike against Fort Ticonderoga. Known as the Green Mountain Boys, Allens militia gathered at Bennington before marching on to Castleton. To the south, Arnold moved north with Captains Eleazer Oswald and Jonathan Brown. Crossing into the Grants on May 6, Arnold learned of Allens intentions. Riding ahead of his troops, he reached Bennington the next day. There he was informed that Allen was at Castleton awaiting additional supplies and men. Pressing on, he rode into the Green Mountain Boys camp before they departed for Ticonderoga. Meeting with Allen, who had been elected colonel, Arnold argued that he should lead the attack against the fort and cited his orders from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. This proved problematic as the majority of the Green Mountain Boys refused to serve under any commander except Allen. After extensive discussions, Allen and Arnold decided to share command. Moving Forward While these talks were ongoing, elements of Allens command were already moving towards Skenesboro and Panton to secure boats for crossing the lake. Additional intelligence was provided by Captain Noah Phelps who had reconnoitered Fort Ticonderoga in disguise. He confirmed that the forts walls were in poor condition, the garrisons gunpowder was wet, and that reinforcements were expected shortly. Assessing this information and the overall situation, Allen and Arnold decided to attack Fort Ticonderoga at dawn on May 10. Assembling their men at Hands Cove (Shoreham, VT) late on May 9, the two commanders were disappointed to find that an insufficient number of boats had been assembled.  As a result, they embarked with around half the command (83 men) and slowly crossed the lake. Arriving on the western shore, they became concerned that dawn would arrive before the rest of the men could make the journey. As a result, they resolved to attack immediately. Forces Commanders Americans Colonel Ethan AllenColonel Benedict Arnoldapprox. 170 men British Captain William Delaplaceapprox. 80 men Storming the Fort Approaching the south gate of Fort Ticonderoga, Allen and Arnold led their men forward. Charging, they caused the sole sentry to abandon his post and swept into the fort. Entering the barracks, the Americans awakened the stunned British soldiers and took their weapons. Moving through the fort, Allen and Arnold made their way to the officers quarters to compel Delaplaces surrender. Reaching the door, they were challenged by Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham who demanded to know on whose authority they had entered the fort. In reply, Allen reportedly stated, In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress! (Allen later claimed to have said this to Delaplace). Roused from his bed, Delaplace quickly dressed before formally surrendering to the Americans. Securing the Fort Taking possession of the fort, Arnold was horrified when Allens men began to plunder and raid its liquor stores. Though he tried to stop these activities, the Green Mountain Boys refused to adhere to his orders. Frustrated, Arnold retired to Delaplaces quarters to await his men and wrote back to Massachusetts expressing concern that Allens men were  governing by whim and caprice.  He further commented that he believed the plan to strip Fort Ticonderoga and ship its guns to Boston was in threat. As additional American forces occupied Fort Ticonderoga, Lieutenant Seth Warner sailed north to Fort Crown Point. Lightly garrisoned, it fell the next day. Following the arrival of his men from Connecticut and Massachusetts, Arnold began conducting operations on Lake Champlain which culminated with a raid on Fort Saint-Jean on May 18. While Arnold established a base at Crown Point, Allens men began to drift away from Fort Ticonderoga and back to their land in the Grants. Aftermath In the operations against Fort Ticonderoga, one American was injured while British casualties amounted to the capture of the garrison. Later that year, Colonel Henry Knox arrived from Boston to transport the forts guns back to the siege lines. These were later emplaced on Dorchester Heights and compelled the British to abandon the city on March 17, 1776. The fort also served as a springboard for the 1775 American invasion of Canada as well as protected the northern frontier. Major General Henry Knox. Photograph Source: Public Domain In 1776, the American army in Canada was thrown back by the British and forced to retreat back down Lake Champlain. Encamping at Fort Ticonderoga, they aided Arnold in building a scratch fleet which fought a successful delaying action at Valcour Island that October. The following year, Major General John Burgoyne launched a major invasion down the lake. This campaign saw the British re-take the fort. Following their defeat at Saratoga that fall, the British largely abandoned Fort Ticonderoga for the remainder of the war.

Applying Theories to the real world cases Case Study

Applying Theories to the real world cases - Case Study Example Criminal behavior is largely seen to be learned behavior. It is also influenced by peer pressure, institutional breakdown, social environment and financial difficulties. It is through appropriate measures that the vice will be addressed appropriately. Implementing stringent punitive measures coupled with proper policy frameworks and legislations will go a long way in addressing the warring problems associated with criminality. Criminality offends the standards and values that characterize a civilized society that believes in the right to life. in his study on criminology, Abrahams (2015) observes that men consitute the highest percentage of prisoners in many nations around the world. According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, the global percentage of women in prisons constitutes about 4.3 percent. Abrahams (2015) alleges that men are likely to engage in criminal activities compared to women. While women engage in crminal activities, the gap between the two genders requires an assessment on the factors that contribute to higher criminal behavior in men. Men engage in minor offences, white collar crimes, murder and riots, among others. some of the contributors highlighted by the author include lack of education, delinguent behaviors, street gangs, peer influences, and financial difficulties, among others. Male criminality has for a long period overshadowed female criminality. However, the author argues that female criminality has been on the rise. The incidences and significance of female criminality are mini mal with some going unnoticed. Nowadays, female crime patterns have changed with offenses such as drug trafficking, white-collar crimes and violent robbery reported among women. Male criminals operate in well-connected groups that have deep connection with the authorities, thus making it hard for them to be combated. Their actions threaten the social order in a society. In Britain, for instance, Abrahams

Court visits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court visits - Essay Example The young girl kept her head bent down all throughout the cross-examination and seemed to avoid eye-contact. She looked so nervous and helpless, as if she was not ready for the lawyer’s cross examination. Her appearance is pathetic, as if she could not defend herself. The judge seemed to take pity on her. The case hearing was later adjourned to another date. While I observed the whole scenario, I cannot help but feel for the young girl because she seemed to be having difficulty as she answered the questions of the lawyer. Her posture was bent, manifesting a low self-confidence and perhaps, embarrassment at having to be cross-examined by a knowledgeable adult. I did not have enough information about the case. I only knew she was being accused of the murder of a young man. As I listened, I felt I needed to see the whole picture so that I can fully understand her situation. I see that she is a teenager. She’s just a child, and too young to be convicted of murder. I wanted to know her story and the details of the case. I tried to empathize with her and put myself in her shoes. If she was guilty, what could have driven her to commit such a beastly act? If she was innocent, then the whole process of the court hearing becomes useless. In any case, this was a situation that is very stressful for her and may wound her for life. In case that happens, I wonder what kind of interventions could be given to her so that she recovers from the pain, trauma and embarrassment she has experienced. I am aware that the girl on trial is not yet an adult but a child. The United Nations established the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1989 and had several nations ratify it to ensure that children all over the world are not deprived of their rights. Article 2.2 of the UNCRC declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Communication - Essay Example Marketing communication should reach a range of stakeholders and other players peripheral to the target market and which influence the business success (Clulow, 2006). Benefits and pitfalls of stakeholder responses should be anticipated and used to advantage. In the case of BMI the main marketing objectives was to introduce its product. It was planning to launch a low-cost airline subsidiary to compete with other low-cost carriers. They needed the services of an advertising agency because the launch required strategic brand development before the advertising plan could be developed. The marketing communications objective for BMI was challenging because the advertising agency had to launch a product with no brand name or brand image. Corporate communications in an airline must have certain differential features to influence travelers and establish brand image (Driver, 1999). BMI enjoyed a reputation for friendliness but the branding and positioning of the new product needed to have a low-cost approach. This required a strong brand image to distinguish it from long-established competitors. Another objective of marketing communications for the new airline was that even though the market for low-cost airline was still growing, it would reach a saturation point within 2 or 3 years. The passengers would then make a decision based on their experience. Consumers retain images of their experience with an airline or any service and this personal experience becomes the key driver for future purchases (FitzGerald & Arnott, 1999). Consumers are known to retain that brand in memory and if satisfied, it becomes their preferred choice. The attributes related to the image of the airline are only partially related to direct operational and flight factors. Relationship marketing emphasizes the need for firms to establish lasting relationships with customers, suppliers, employees and stakeholders through trust, relationship commitment and

Competition Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competition Commission - Essay Example This protects the economy and consumers from unnecessary or unreasonable exploitation. The CC serves as a competition regulator under the BIS i.e. Business innovation and skills department. History and development The Competition Commission was created through the influence of the Competition Act 1998. Most of the powers of CC were governed by the Enterprise Act 2002. The CC replaced MMC (monopolies and mergers commission) in 1999. The powers and influence of the competition commission were enhanced. The commission was given the independence to make decisions and recommendations to the government after investigations. The commission makes enquiries and recommends the appropriate remedies arising from competition on the market. The Competition Commission is a public body. The commissions have been charged with a responsibility to ensure that major industries are regulated and a healthy competitive and fair relationship exists between companies, economy and consumers. The enquiry must be referred to the Competition Commission by other selected authorities. This ensures that the Competition Commission deals with merited cases.... The government aims at launching a more efficient body i.e. CMA (competition market authority) by the year 2014. This development shields the consumers from unhealthy business practices like monopolises that exploit consumers. Mission and aims Mission: working to create a better future every day. This includes developing new ways of conducting business leading to increases revenues while reducing environmental impact. Aims: Working with integrity Creating a positive impact in the society Doubling the size of the company while creating a better future Management structure and leadership Communication has a two-tire hierarchical management structure. The commission has a chief executive who works with a seven directors. The commission has strong legal advisors and enquiry teams to ensure all the stakeholders has direct access to the referral authorities when in needed of redress. The leadership has professional skills in corporate management and economic analysis (Bercusson & Estlund 2 008). The commission has set out a management structure capable of fostering faster decision making. The leadership and management structure is flexible in its response to external stimulus and stakeholder concerns. The structure makes it easier to relay advisory or arbitration information. Leadership team is empowered by the legislature to make strategic decisions based on the information from the market. Commission management must facilitate inclusive decision making and encourage teamwork (Leisering 2011). The information technology department must have the capacity to install platforms that enable the CEO to link with other directors within the commission. The management structure and leadership of

Nike Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nike - Research Paper Example This helped the firm a lot because it enabled the company the ability to raise money for future expansion. In 1985 Nike made its best decision ever by signing rookie basketball star, Michael Jordan, to a sponsorship contract. Jordan was given signature shoes which became extremely popular among the youth. The success of the Air Jordan shoes made Nike the industry leader. Innovations such as the external air bags made Nike products unique from the competition. Nike used superior marketing campaigns to showcase its products. It’s slogan â€Å"Just do it† was created in 1988. A year later Nike signed another popular athlete, Bo Jackson, which helped the company increased its market share in the cross training product segment. In 1996 Nike signed another incredible athlete to become a sponsor in gulf superstar Tiger Woods. Today Nike has become the world’s leading innovator in footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories (Nikeinc). In fiscal year 2013 Nike Corporation generated total revenues of $25.13 billion and a net income of $2.48 billion. The firm is very well managed led by its CEO and President Mark Parker. Phillip H. Knight is the Chairman of the board of directors. The company has many popular brands including Converse, Hurley International, Jordan brand, and Nike Gulf. Its branding strategy has helped the company obtain a tremendous customer retention rate. Based on Pareto’s 80/20 rule 80% of a company’s sales come from 20% of its customers. In the late 1990’s Nike was involved in a sweatshop scandal that hurt its reputation and depleted its sales by 50% a year after the revelation of the scandal, but since then the firm has cleaned up its act to become one of the most socially responsible companies in the world. â€Å"The Nike Foundation works to unleash the unique potential of adolescent girls to end poverty for themselves and for the world† (Nikeinc). Nike believes in the value of cultural diversity. It has several

Competition Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Competition Commission - Essay Example This protects the economy and consumers from unnecessary or unreasonable exploitation. The CC serves as a competition regulator under the BIS i.e. Business innovation and skills department. History and development The Competition Commission was created through the influence of the Competition Act 1998. Most of the powers of CC were governed by the Enterprise Act 2002. The CC replaced MMC (monopolies and mergers commission) in 1999. The powers and influence of the competition commission were enhanced. The commission was given the independence to make decisions and recommendations to the government after investigations. The commission makes enquiries and recommends the appropriate remedies arising from competition on the market. The Competition Commission is a public body. The commissions have been charged with a responsibility to ensure that major industries are regulated and a healthy competitive and fair relationship exists between companies, economy and consumers. The enquiry must be referred to the Competition Commission by other selected authorities. This ensures that the Competition Commission deals with merited cases.... The government aims at launching a more efficient body i.e. CMA (competition market authority) by the year 2014. This development shields the consumers from unhealthy business practices like monopolises that exploit consumers. Mission and aims Mission: working to create a better future every day. This includes developing new ways of conducting business leading to increases revenues while reducing environmental impact. Aims: Working with integrity Creating a positive impact in the society Doubling the size of the company while creating a better future Management structure and leadership Communication has a two-tire hierarchical management structure. The commission has a chief executive who works with a seven directors. The commission has strong legal advisors and enquiry teams to ensure all the stakeholders has direct access to the referral authorities when in needed of redress. The leadership has professional skills in corporate management and economic analysis (Bercusson & Estlund 2 008). The commission has set out a management structure capable of fostering faster decision making. The leadership and management structure is flexible in its response to external stimulus and stakeholder concerns. The structure makes it easier to relay advisory or arbitration information. Leadership team is empowered by the legislature to make strategic decisions based on the information from the market. Commission management must facilitate inclusive decision making and encourage teamwork (Leisering 2011). The information technology department must have the capacity to install platforms that enable the CEO to link with other directors within the commission. The management structure and leadership of

How to Develop Self-Confidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Develop Self-Confidence - Essay Example It is rightly said that self confidence is all in your mind. The first step that should be taken for the development of self confidence is to realize one’s own self. First of all make a list of qualities present in the personality and read it daily until your mind starts believing on such qualities in the character. (Robert Anthony - Self-Help, 2005) Another important way to develop self confidence is self talk. It is very important in the way of success to express all your thoughts in the figure of words. For such ability one has to eliminate self doubt from the personality. Once this quality develops in the character it will become helpful in every race of life. Self praising is also an important activity for the development of confidence. One should praise himself that he is gorgeous, talented and possesses all the qualities that one should have to be a successful person. This appreciation will of course help him in reducing hesitation from his behavior. In contrast, never criticize one’s own self. It plays a great role in suppressing the self-belief. It may demodulate the mind and develop feeling of hopelessness in one’s character. Self confidence may also generate by the elimination of bad habits from the personality and replace them by positive activities. If an individual gets command on his behavior he will definitely become confident in his all dealings of routine life (Coon et al 2009). One more important thing that should be mentioned here is that there is no need to hide your progress in any race of life. Let the people know your efficacy towards your objective. To hide anything would always irritate the mind. It keeps suppressing the confidence. Once the confidence has developed avoid the company of people who diminish your self confidence with their negative comments and opinions. Continuous

General Theory of Relativity Essay Example for Free

General Theory of Relativity Essay The universe consists of many fascinating objects. Unfortunately, some of which cannot be known with just the naked eye. This is because it cannot be seen from Earth, and other technological advancements are needed to fully determine its nature. This is also the reason why several people have acquired false notions of what those objects are. One of those objects is the black hole. Science fiction films and and television shows have given the public a different view of black holes (Lochner 2006), poles apart from what they really are. This research paper seeks to discuss the definition and characteristics of black holes. Before the characteristics of a black hole can be discussed, it is first necessary to define what it is. An introduction is in order. So what is black hole? According to Lochner (2006), it is the â€Å"evolutionary end point of massive stars (p. 2). † There are stars which has sizes much bigger than that of the Sun. In fact, some of them are â€Å"at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When a star of this size sustains a supernova explosion, it leaves behind some stellar residue. Since in space there are no other forces to fight gravity, the residue will crumble unto itself. Lochner (2006) narrates, â€Å"The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a singularity (p. 2). † Eventually, density will increase; the light rays which is diffused by the star will then be encircling the star. â€Å"Any emitted photons are trapped into an orbit by the intense gravitational field; they will never leave it (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † The moment the star reaches the point of no density, all the light is trapped. Hence, it is called the black hole. The phrase black hole was coined by John Archibald Wheeler (Bunn, 1995). Prior to that, the objects were called frozen stars (Bunn, 1995). Even in the time of Isaac Newton, the existence of objects as such has been thought of. Now it is more accurately explained using Einsteins General Theory of Relativity. This is â€Å"a geometric theory of gravitation, which incorporates and extends the theory of special relativity to accelerated frames of reference and introducing the principle that gravitational and inertial forces are equivalent (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † This theory then explains the possibility for such occurrences like bent light caused by massive objects and the very nature of black holes. Such theory enables the event wherein â€Å"space and time become so warped that time practically stops in the vicinity of a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † Black holes are identified to have an estimated mass of 4-15 Suns. Since black holes are formed after the death of a star, or supernova explosions, these explosions in turn have after-effects. These effects give way to X-ray binaries which is referred to as black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). Moreover, there exists galaxy-mass black holes. These massive black holes are usually placed in Active Galactic Nuclei, or AGN. AGN is a â€Å"class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † The black holes in question are said to have a mass of 10-100 billion Suns (Lochner, 2006, p. 1), a testament to how enormous they really are. The mass of one of these enormous black holes was recently determined by radio astronomy (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). The black hole has been portrayed by pop culture as one which sucks objects in; Lochner (2006) refers to the black holes inaccurate depiction as â€Å"a cosmic vacuum cleaner (p. 2). † He notes, â€Å"If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, the earths orbit around the Sun would be unchanged Of course the Earths temperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † This is because a black hole can â€Å"exert the same force on something far away from it as any other object of the same mass would (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). † If in any instance, an object gets â€Å"sucked† into the hole, that very same object will pass through what is called â€Å"Schwarzschild radius (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † â€Å"This is the radius r of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † In the Schwarzschild radius, the escape speed and light speed is equal. Therefore, in the instance that light passes through, the light would not be able to escape. Say for example, a black hole with the same mass as the Sun, takes its place. Then the radius will still be different. The Suns radius is estimated at 700,000 km, while the Schwarzschild radius is only 3km (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This would entail that the Earth must be of closer proximity to get sucked in a black hole in the center of our solar system. From where we are it is impossible to see the black holes. How do we then determine their existence? Since black holes are merely massive star remains, it would mean that they are of a small size. Also, because all the light gets trapped into itself, it would be impossible to see. Nonetheless, there are instances wherein a black hole can make itself perceivable. According to Lochner (2006), â€Å"if a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, or is close to another normal star, the black hole can accrete matter into itself. As the matter falls or is pulled towards the black hole, it gains kinetic energy, heats up and is squeezed by tidal forces. The heating ionizes the atoms and when the atoms reach a few million degrees Kelvin, they emit X-rays. The X-rays are sent off into space before the matter crosses the Schwarzschild radius and crashes into the singularity. Thus we can see this X-ray emission (p. 1). † Thus, black holes are dependent on other stars to make its presence known. The very same X-rays are also determinants of â€Å"black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It was said that a â€Å"companion star is a perfect source of infalling material for a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Because the X-ray sources are binary, a binary system is also enforced. This system makes the computation of the black hole candidates mass possible. The moment the mass is calculated, it can be deduced whether the said candidate is a black hole or a neuron star. What is a neuron star? It is â€Å"the imploded core of a massive star produced by a supernova explosion (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now these neuron stars are characterized by masses which are estimated to be 1. 5 times more than the sun. Moreover, if there exists random variation of emitted X-rays, this is also a signifier of a black holes presence. Lochner (2006) states, â€Å"The infalling matter that emits X-rays does not fall into the black hole at a steady rate, but rather more sporadically, which causes an observable variation in X-ray intensity(p. 2). † In addition, â€Å"if the X-ray source is in a binary system, the X-rays will be periodically cut off as the source is eclipsed by the companion star (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † All these characteristics are considered in identifying possible black hole candidates. For further identification, there are X-ray satellites which examines the skies for X-ray sources that may point out black hole candidates. For the longest time, there has been an identified black hole candidate in the name of Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). â€Å"It is a highly variable and irregular source with X-ray emission that flickers in hundredths of a second (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † When one exhibits such an irregularity, it becomes a black hole candidate. How? It is because it is impossible for an object â€Å"to flicker faster than the time required for light to travel across the object (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Lochner (2006) highlights this fact: â€Å"In a hundredth of a second, light travels 3000 kilometers. This is one fourth of Earths diameter (p. 2)! † From this, it can be concluded that the region from which the x-rays surrounding Cygnus X-1 are derived, is relatively small. Now Cygnus X-1 has a companion star with the name HDE 226868. This companion star is â€Å"a B0 supergiant with a surface temperature of about 31,000 K (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † Now observations found that the spectral lines of HDE 226868, which is the â€Å"light given off at a specific frequency by an atom or molecule (Lochner, 2006, p. 2),† had been changing within 5. 6 days. It was also said that the mass of HDE 226868 is estimated to be 30 times greater than the Suns mass. This would mean that Cygnus X-1may possess at least a mass of 7 solar masses. Why 7 solar masses? This is what is required to create the tremendous gravitational pull that would result in the fluctuation in the spectral lines of HDE 226868. Astronomers thought that since 7 masses does not characterize a neuron star or a white dwarf, which is a star that has exhausted most or all of its nuclear fuel and has collapsed to a very small size, it must then be a black hole. However, this issue about Cygnus X-1being a black hole has also been surrounded by much skepticism. There is some speculation that the HDE 226868 may be too small for its spectral category, which in turn implies that Cygnus X-1is smaller than was previously declared. Moreover, uncertainty also shrouds the the mass calculations. It is because â€Å"uncertainties in the distance to the binary system would also influence mass calculations (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † If the computations are inaccurate, the Cygnus X-1may end up only having 3 solar masses. If Cygnus X-1 has only 3 solar masses, it could be classified as merely being a neuron star, and not a black hole. The good news is that there are more binaries which reveal the possibility of a black hole, that which is much stronger than in Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the year 1975, an X-ray transient known as A0620-00 was discovered. In the mid-80s, it was found that the mass of this object was more than 3. 5 solar masses. This fact alone eradicates the possibility of a neuron star, since neuron stars usually possess solar masses of 1. 5. In fact, the discovery of A0620-00 may have put into question the feasibility of other theories. Nonetheless, the best finding regarding black holes is V404 Cygni. This star was found to have an estimated 10 solar masses. Several journals have also written about the existence of black holes. In the 1995 edition of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics,there was a review conducted by Kormendy and Richstone, which implied the eight galaxies were thought to have â€Å"massive dark objects in their centers (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † These cores were found to have masses which range from 1 million to several billion times that of the sun. Their massiveness was determined by noting how â€Å"the speed with which stars and gas orbit around the center of the galaxy: the faster the orbital speeds, the stronger the gravitational force required to hold the stars and gas in their orbits (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † In fact, this is how astronomy usually measures masses. There are two reasons why these massive galactic centers were deemed as black holes. To begin with, the centers are â€Å"too dense and dark (Bunn, 1995, p. 1)† to even be considered as a group of stars, or just merely stars. â€Å"Second, the only promising theory to explain the enigmatic objects known as quasars and active galaxies postulates that such galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † Even though these reasons point out that the galactic centers are really black holes, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it. Nonetheless, there is a continuous discovery for proofs that systems do include black holes. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"a nearby active galaxy was found to have a water maser system (a very powerful source of microwave radiation) near its nucleus. Using the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry, a group of researchers was able to map the velocity distribution of the gas with very fine resolution (p. 1). † They also determined that the velocity was â€Å"less than half a light-year of the center of the galaxy (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). † It is from this fact that they deemed the object as a black hole, simply because only a black hole can have that much mass concentrated in such a small volume (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). All these results are included in January 12, 1995 issue of Nature, vol. 373. , as was reported by Miyoshi et al (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). Is there a possibility that the Sun can be a black hole? No. According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"only stars that weigh considerably more than the Sun end their lives as black holes (p. 1). † For about five billion years, the Sun will remain in its present state. After that, the Sun will undergo a phase wherein it will be a red giant star. The Sun will then end its life as a white dwarf star. If there are black holes, are there white ones? According to Bunn (1995), â€Å"the equations of general relativity have an interesting mathematical property: they are symmetric in time. That means that you can take any solution to the equations and imagine that time flows backwards rather than forwards, and youll get another valid solution to the equations. If you apply this rule to the solution that describes black holes, you get an object known as a white hole (p. 1). † If a black hole then pulls objects in, a white hole would then push things out. The former sucks in, the latter spits out. However, there is no proof that white holes exist, and there are no studies to point out if their existence is a possibility. There has also been speculations about the existence of what is called worm holes. What is a worm hole? It is â€Å"a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † It is characterized by â€Å"two copies of the black hole geometry connected by a throat the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). † As is indicated in the definition, it is merely theoretical. There is no scientific basis nor experimental evidence for such existence. However, it is indeed amazing to think that such existence is possible. Do black holes disappear or evaporate? Even astronomers are not sure as to how black holes end their existence. Bunn (1995) notes that â€Å"Back in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking came up with theoretical arguments showing that black holes are not really entirely black: due to quantum-mechanical effects, they emit radiation. The energy that produces the radiation comes from the mass of the black hole. Consequently, the black hole gradually shrinks. It turns out that the rate of radiation increases as the mass decreases, so the black hole continues to radiate more and more intensely and to shrink more and more rapidly until it presumably vanishes entirely (p. 1)† This is a mere theory. There have been no proof or scientific conclusions as to how black holes really diminish. Black holes are just one of the many things included in the vast universe we are a part of. Thanks to science and the technological advancements at present, we can have greater awareness and knowledge of what is within our universe but beyond our reach. References Bunn, T. (1995). Black Hole FAQ List. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://cosmology. berkeley. edu/Education/BHfaq. html. Lochner, J. (2007). Black Holes. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http://imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes. html.

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay Nurse is a profession that serves the need of society in the area of health. The roles of nurses have expanded because they carry out multiple roles in healthcare. In this paper I will discuss on Professional boundaries in my workplace context. As describe by Hawkin et al (1991), professional is define as someone who highly skilled, whereas boundaries is a line or border that marks a limit and context is the circumstances in which an event occurs. If we look around us, we will see that every living being has its own limit and bound by its own territory in which it dwell and defend against any sort of invasion. Boundaries have it own fundamental place in life. It fundamental that even criminals who thrive on violating the integrity of others have their own boundaries. Unlike the law, which is absolute, rules allow things to function smoothly because everyone within a particular context agrees upon it. Rules can refer to a game or office procedures. Our moral values provide our own internal guidance about what is wrong or what is not in sense of good value, stated; Raymond Lloyd (2009). Im a qualified registered nurse, working in Emergency and Trauma Department (ED), ED provides 24 hours emergency care. Operating twenty-four hours, my ED provides the different level of care and patient needs and it also provides a comprehensive service which includes pre-hospital resuscitation, stabilization and definitive care. Service also includes Disaster Management, Domestic Violence, and Emergency Medicine. The purpose of this paper is to access the professional boundaries of roles and practice between nurses and doctors at Emergency and Trauma Department. In this paper, I will highlight and analyzed the concept of boundaries and contextualize the theory in the political context of professions, the nature of the professional relationship, provides information to help members recognize potential crisis situations, debate issues of boundaries evidence within my practice and suggests some strategies in managing professional boundaries on defibrillator. Occasionally, most of the nurses in my ED today are still nurses seemed uncertain about the limitation or boundary of their own work. But, sometimes boundaries are often consider not clear-cut issue of right or wrong. Its dependent upon numerous factors and required careful thinking through of all the issue, always keeps in mind that all action must be in the best interest of patient care. All the staffs in ED are required to take Basic Life Support (BLS), and Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS). Why we need this training? Because its involves advanced medical skills, certification and training. Is purposely offered for medical professionals such as doctor, assistant medical officer (AMO) and nurses, since lay public do not have the necessary knowledge and skills except for BLS where lay public can go for training but in different syllabus compared to health care provider. Although, ED staff especially nurses and AMO underwent the training and qualified, pass the courses in theory and practically. It still not a ticket for them to ride in fast lane because, they must be well trained, recertification and monitored by experienced support staff such as nurses or AMO, senior doctor or specialist. Why we still have to be monitored? Because, from my experience although the doctor pertain his MBBS (in  Latin  Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of surgery) from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (2010) but he or she still new in service, some are still not competent to use the defibrillator machine. Sometimes doctors also required to attend this short-course of BLS, ACLS or PALS because anyone whos works in ED must to be well trained with these courses. Example like in resuscitation, the goal of  ACLS  is to begin and identify what is wrong with the patient and when it is the best time can perform defibrillators to patient and also a long term treatment plan can be created.  These short-courses  guidelines are constantly changing, due to new information in the medical field, and frequent (every 5 year for ACLS, PALS and 3 years for BLS) as these standard guidelines provided by Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, recertification is required for each personal after they are certified. Recertification also ensures that the material is always fresh, so that a healthcare provider or ED staff can confidently make the right decision in a critical moment. As a trained nurse at ED, providing encompasses and comprehensive treatment plan is essential step whereby sometimes I have to perform defibrillation when a patient having ventricular tachycardia (VT) with hemodynamical instability in order for proper treatment plans. My workplace environment is dedicated and confined to the critically ill patients with unstable hemodynamic and in need of urgent emergency life saving treatment which stipulates that all trauma patients requiring prompt and urgent treatment within a prescribed and stipulated time is observed strictly.   My ED, nurses do defibrillation because of the recertification and trust gain from senior doctors and specialist or consultant. According to General Medical Council (2001), doctor can delegate medical care to nurses, or AMO if they had the trust and believe it is the best for the patients but in count that the nurses must experienced and competent person. Unfortunately, some doctors always take an advantage of this procedure because of some nurses are seemed uncertain about their own limitation or boundaries of working practice. Usually this procedure should be performed by them instead of nurses. Perform defibrillation to patient has been commonly practiced by most of the senior nurses and this knowledge have been past down to new intern; I meant the newly in service staff nurse. It seems likely this positive act becoming norm, among the nurses and other paramedic especially in ED. As describe by Burkhdart Nathaniel (2008), different culture have it own different approach by intera cting individual, consisting of learned pattern of values, belief, behaviour and custom shared by the group. My ED is interdisciplinary department multidisciplines. These approaches change the professional boundaries. As define by Avis, Drysdale, Gregg, Neufeldt Scargill (1983), professional boundaries is a behaviours where by boundaries are crossed. Boundary includes the concept of limits, lines or borders. Boundary can be crossed, can be violated, or misconduct can come to mind. Crossing of a boundary involves a brief act or behaviour outside of the helpful zone. See appendix. Apparently, it divided into two substitution which is vertical substitution and horizontal substitution. The vertical of my workplace is by hierarchy starting from top to bottom. Examples as specialist is the highest of the hierarchy give order to hierarchy below them like medical officer and the order move on till the lowest hierarchy. See appendix. While the horizontal substitution is the interaction between workers in same phase or level. Examples like para-professional (Nurses, AMO, Cardiovascular Technician), where both are in same a group who had a similar roles and same hierarchy grade. Therefore in emergency situation, performing defibrillation the act just dont bound on doctor shoulder only. It can be either nurses or AMO, using their expertise and clinical judgments in diagnosed and to save patient life. As these working boundaries happen in my ED, realized it or not these act has an impact towards the patient. ED is a unique place for clinical experience where most of the cases are sudden or unexpected incident that requires immediate attention and need the staff on high alert in providing fast and effective care as well as treated according to their severity. Unfortunately, it hard for new doctor to conduct the situation without any experience. In addition, the aim of my workplace is to become an excellent working env ironment and culture through suitable working conditions, teaching and humanistic approach for all new staff in every categories will failed if the competency, skill and knowledge of new staff is doubted in performing the procedure. The reason to have a standard guideline in ED is to provide professional guidance in making decisions with specific practice, according to their severity. While allowing flexibility in professional judgment and meets Nursing and Midwifery Board Malaysia criteria for guideline development for a safe standard of practice and facilitate the  nursing profession to demonstrate responsibility and accountability in practice. To uphold a high standard of safe nursing care by competent and caring nurses through the implementation of regulatory processes and code of conduct established in Nursing Act 1950. The disadvantage in my unit is the shortage of doctor in recovery area, where their present is do come helpful if the patient place at recovery develop complication such as VT. As experienced nurse, providing an excellent work and comprehensive service with the knowledge and skill can make me become autonomous. The patient who are acutely ill were not being assessed and treated quickly eno ugh, it will deteriorate their condition, Norris Melby (2005). Since the workload in ED increases prior to the amount of a patient had burden the existing nurses role in ED. Sometimes situation at ED a bit chaos with multiple task had to be done at the same time such as; had to be chaperon, send blood specimen to Lab, send patient for X-Ray and as well as documented patient data since ED operates, based on the Total Hospital Information System  (T.H.I.S.). ENB/DoH (2001) explained, in accessing the effectiveness management of information and associated technology which is now part of patient and client care management. Meanwhile, the doctor are facing the same issue as their also had a shortage issue of working personnel. This impact the excellent service provided in patient care due to load of workload. According to Halcomb et al (2002), in term of cost to the health system, workforce implication and value to consumer, alternate cause to the nurse and paramedic should be explored. Therefore the nurses manager in my unit should encourage each staff to attend courses to increase each knowledges especially in cardiac care management. In any professional relationship there is an inherent power imbalance. Nurses have a responsibility to ensure that relationship based on plans and goals in objective and the outcome of interaction between professional with para-professional. It means it is the responsibility of the nurse to maintain their professional and personal boundaries, in the best interest of patient. When a nurse crosses that boundary, they are generally behaving in unprofessional manner and misusing the power in the relationship recognized by Masterson (2002). It seem, some of the nurses missing the chance to build up its own core principles by taking more expanded roles said Radcliffe, 2000. Most of professional practitioner like doctor is delighted to see nurses take over his job like perform defibrillation. This regarded as basic activities and bored for them. But there is some dispute, were some nurses uncertain and disagreed about the changing work boundaries and expended rule would make it harder for n urses to undertake nursing task. Most of the nurses insist that their main concern was nursing care. The scope of professional practice; UKCC, 1992 support role expansion providing it does not result in unnecessary fragmentation of patient care or lead to inappropriate delegation of work. In concluding this issue I have analyzed the concept of boundaries in context of nursing care. My advice can be categories into three; engagement for future collaboration involving in clinical management, moving away from the traditional relationship, with differences in power and influence, nurses and doctors are now becoming equal partners in the clinical field with professional respect, diplomacy and sensitivity in helping and supportive. Although it is important to understand each professions roles and responsibilities, as well as areas of conflict and disagreement, it is the mutual understanding of nurses and doctors will lead, the way to true clinical collaborative in ED. The nature of emergency practice makes it even more vital towards communicate and clarify the ways in which, relationship can be affected by vibrant relations in provide fast and effective patient friendly services for our patients, their family and the community within excellent working culture and humanistic approach.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

According to Stephen Covey an "Effective leader is one who is putting first things first. Effective management is discipline, carrying it out.† In addition, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, effective means â€Å"producing positive effects†, and a leader is â€Å"one who heads an organization.† In Animal Farm, by George Orwell, Napoleon is the character who portrays these traits along with the trait of practicing utilitarianism. Therefore, Napoleon is an effective leader who increases the economy of Animal Farm and practices utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number. One instance the Napoleon shows effectiveness is in the way he leads the economy of Animal Farm. This evident through Squealer’s facts about how â€Å"†¦production of every class of foodstuff [is increasing] by two hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (81). This is so because Napoleon balances the mechanics involving the running of the economy producing positive effects for the farm. In addition, Napoleon leads the farm to produce â€Å"†¦the biggest harvest that the farm has ever seen...† which proves even more the effectiveness of Napoleon (24). One more aspect of Napoleon’s effectiveness shows when Napoleons makes â€Å"The farm more prosperous †¦ and better organized†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (113). Napoleon’s decisions on what Animal Farm should do prove to be effective rendering Napoleon an effective leader in the instance of producing desirable effects for the economy. Another instance that outlines the effectiveness of Napoleon adduces its self in the orders he enforces. When Napoleon â€Å"†¦accept[s] a contract for four hundred eggs a week, the price of [the eggs] pay[s] enough [for] grain and meal to keep the farm going till summer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was clearly providing the best for the most amount of animals. By doing this, Napoleon harms only a small percentage of the animals while the majority benefits. When â€Å"†¦the animals work like slaves [for the windmill]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this provides for the future betterment of the farm (54). Again, this is providing the greatest good for the greatest number because the building of the windmill will lead to easier lives for the animals of Animal Farm. These improvements of the farm are prime examples of utilitarianism because they benefit the future of Animal Farm.

Why did the standard of medical treatment improve so rapidly during the Twentieth century?

There are many reasons as to why the standard of medical treatment improved so rapidly during the twentieth century. But there were four main factors that triggered the diversion of medical treatment and those are war, government, technology and individuals. War played a big role in the improvement of standard of living, war was something that shouldn’t have happened due to millions of deaths but it did trigger a spark, a sudden development of treatment in order to save lives of soldiers quickly before they died. World war one and world war two are just to name a few and in world war 1 in particularly soldiers had lost a lot of blood and as a result died of blood loss. As a result of the loss of lives for this specific reason, blood transfusion was developed. There were many shell shocks where soldiers were traumatized by the event and so psychology was soon developed where doctors specialised in physiotherapy to help soldiers go through the traumas and stress of the world war. Furthermore through gun shots, many had faced terrible injuries where they lost limbs and so prosthetic limbs were developed and this resulted in soldiers being able to walk again like they previously could. World war two also came as a great shock and as this had happened later after the 1st world war there were developments in nuclear weapons and other substances that can be used against their enemy. Aeroplanes were now used to drop the nuclear bombs at opponent but in the plane itself is a different story where while in air, pilots are burnt to death due to the fuels. Many sadly die however there is a minority that survive but have burnt or damaged skin that are permanently damaged and for this plastic sugary was developed. This helped soldiers fix up their face till you could not even tell their face or body was damaged in the first place. Due to the sudden wars and demand for medical care, many realised in the process that there were no enough hospitals and so more hospitals were built for medical care. There was the government who also played a role in the development of medicine too because without the government it would have not enforced the public and therefore people would’ve done what they wanted. The government is n charge of finance and to fund medication for when medicine is prescribed from the GP to just getting normal tablets like paracetamol. But government is the one that controls the legalisation system where there make a law to have a vaccine done for example or else you would get a fine so it makes it compulsory to get the vaccine in safety for the nation. It means that everyone needs to have the vaccine. Furthermore it is the government which funded the starting of the NHS, the national health system. This was a beneficial system for every one of all ages as it made a great difference as most of what you need like medication is given for free. Previously you would also have to pay the GP however this wasn’t the case anymore and you would only need to pay for prescription which only cost a few pounds. In the case of undergoing an operation, that too would be free so it was a great help to everyone. However in order to fund the NHS, national insurance was paid from every person who’s employed where before they receive the wage, the national insurance would be subtracted from the wage. Between 1948 and 1949, ?373 million was spent on NHS, this is a quite a large figure so the government is taking in charge of a big service in welfare of the public health.

The Rise of Event Industry

Introduction To Event Report The Rise Of Event Industry And Event Tourism YinJin Chen (Damon) 2-6 Words Count: 2052 words Date: 20 October, 2012 Table Of Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Chapter One: Events place today†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 People activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Government Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Important for local†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Chapter Two: Events and Environment Sustainability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Important for Environment Sustainability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Effects to environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 What measures we can do?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The biggest challenges that we faced†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Chapter Three: The events effects on society in future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Positive effects †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Negative effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Events industry in 20 years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Introduction In today’s society background, people become to pay more attention for the development of event industry and event tourism. For the past years, you might not have any concept about event, perhaps you also did not notice that event occurred in the world every single minute.Event has already into our life and people play different roles in it. Based on size and impact, we describe and categories them such as Mega-Events, for example Olympic Games, World Cup. Hallmark Events which like China Spring Festival, The Water-sprinkling Festival. Major Events such as Golf open championship, Formula one racing. General speaking, the emergence of the events and which process of developing affects our life. What benefits that events bring to us? what disadvantages that events cause? In the following report, I am going to analysis the imp ortance of the events industry’s in today’s Society.What measures can an event take in order to achieve environmental sustainability? How does events industry effects our society in the future. Chapter one Special events can include national days and celebrations, important civic occasions, unique cultural performances, major sporting fixtures, corporate functions, trade promotions and product launches (Bowdin et al, 2011). It looks like that we can see events are everywhere and today it has became a growth industry. For example, as News reported that for recent Olympic Games held which attract more and more countries and athletes to participate in it.At the same time, the number of audience has also been increasing year by year. Such as the 2012 Olympics Games in London, Chinese audiences in China in order to watch the games on TV that do not care about time difference. The emergence of events bring a large number of tourists to host venue, tourists make consumption o n local and at the same time TV ratings increase has brought big income which direct cause huge economic growth. Government play an important role in Events, sometimes government gives money and policy support to organizers, sometimes governments may also themselves be event producers or host organizations.For example, Mega-events like Olympic Games, World Cup. For event tourism, Governments invested in the development of event tourism, which give money support, contributed important to events specific needs infrastructure, for example, exhibition centers and stadiums. In the specific case of China, for example, there was only one convention and exhibition center larger than 50,000 square meters in 1992. By 2003 this number had risen to 16(Kaye, 2005). Events are also important for local community, as we know Hallmark Events, for example Chinese New year, The water-sprinkling Festival in Thai, The Munich Oktoberfest.These kind of festivals attract foreign tourism and mercy fund-rais ing. That is reason why those places of their communities that can still continue a century later for many of these festivals. Chapter two The real question regarding environmental sustainable is â€Å"What are we going to leave to future generations†. Today more people realized that if we keep developing our world which like what we did before, we need more than one earth to provide resources to maintain our life. So this just makes us to realized the importance of sustainable development.At the moment when we development of events, we also bring some impacts to the environment at the same time. For example, when we are building a conference and exhibition center, we have to concern about carbon emissions because of the engineering machinery we are using. How to correctly deal with construction waste is also a serious problem. As time moves on, the term â€Å"green events† have entered the events industry to generally refer to control the negative environmental impact s of events, including carbon reduction, recycling, waste reduction and so on.Olympic Games is one of famous Mega-events. The Centennial Olympic Congress, Congress of Unity, held in Paris in 1994, recognized the importance of the environment and sustainable development, which led to the inclusion of a paragraph in Rule 2 of the Olympic Charter (Olympic. org, unknown time). The IOC(International Olympic Committee) has admitted its specific function to promote sustainable development and to take the environment as the third dimension of the Olympic spirit, sports and culture. Event greening is not rocket science; it is common sense if you care about people and our planet.It should also make financial sense, and build a positive brand, with many other benefits unfolding as it becomes a standard way of doing business. However, it is essential that it is incorporated into the core function of the event, and should not be an afterthought or an add-on at the last minute (Plato, 2010). It i s very important that environmental sustainability are included right from the start, even in the tender process for larger events. High-level support is essential and an appropriate budget to make sure that events greening process is successful.To ensure the successful implementation of event- greening strategy, there are some processes we can do. Preparation As an events organizer, firstly we have to set up a green team, not only one person. Everyone in this team is playing each role. For example, the green team could include managers, high-level decision makers, managers, environmental experts, and key operational staff relating to aspects such as venues, transport, communication and so on. Making events green should not be the responsibility of only one person, but is a team effort including all the different role players. PlanningThe second step is to determine the main principles and these principles should be supported by go through a simple greening policy to show what you w ant to achieve. This can be given to sponsors and suppliers, so that they are also encouraged to consider their environmental impact, and to keep your policy. Implementation The third step is to ensure the planning into real action. If more people participate, it will make the task much easier. Encourage participants to get actively involved in greening initiatives, and ensure that they are aware of process and know how they can contribute.Staff and team members should be informed about the greening plan, and their in the process should be clued. Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation in the green event is a very necessary conditions, it should be applied to and continuous development. In the detailed plan, the early event middle and late relates in together. This can guarantee information in the implementation process will not be misunderstood. I think the biggest challenges for us to do is that when an event has finished, if we consider sustainability, it is important to take into ccount the positive long-term impact or legacy of event on the host city or community. Like how to strengthen the social impact, such as community involvement and fair employment. Balancing with increase local economic, social and environmental benefits. Chapter 3 Events can have some positive and negative social impacts in the future. Cooper et al. (2005,pp. 246-247) have identified the following positive generic social impacts of tourism that can also be ascribed to events. * The fostering of community/ civic pride. Creating sociocultural awareness and peace. * Shared infrastructure. * Direct sociocultural support. (Raj & Musgrave, 2009) According to the above, events can let people fell the real life. This will motivate and assist the host feel proud, and provide a better experience for the participants. Events can bring people to new places and give them more understanding and knowledge of cultures and environments. This can be looked as a process of education, if leader do like this properly, it can make our society has more awareness, sympathy and admiration.Events can make countries bring more culture exchange, so that the participants and the local community can promote peaceful development. When events host in a developing country, for example, the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, The local infrastructure according to the requests of events construction, so this can make people to improve the quality of life by enjoy these improved facilities. These infrastructures include improving sports venues, airport and public transportation construction. The different events can provide funds to help local charities, conserve natural and culture sites and restore heritage sites.The revenue comes from events held in the goods sold and tickets cost can be donated to the local charity organization. Events can also have negative impacts in future, it can effects to participants, stakeholders and host local community. Events participants from other country that sometimes their behaviors can bring a detrimental impact on quality of life for the local community. For example, such as crowding and congestion will happen in future. In some country, local people has being displaced from their land in order to build new facilities construction.For example like Olympic games. How to deal with the Games infrastructure after games, especially new venues. More attention needs to be paid like after Olympic Games end, charge the regional and venues fees whether can provide sustainable returns and make community benefit. If such facilities do not have a significant post-Games use they can become ‘white elephants’, and a burden to the taxpayers (Cashman, 2002). One question we have to think about which is after Olympic games, do we have to put money in to maintain the venues? If we need, making money cost effective.Sydney’s Aquatic Centre is a good example of a dual purpose venue in that it housed both the best facilitie s for elite sport as well as sport for all venue, which included play areas for children. The future of the Main Stadium, by contrast, is more problematic. There is the initial cost of reconfiguring the Stadium, reducing its capacity from 120,000 to 80,000 and then there is the problem of finding sufficient tenants to make the Stadium cost efficient (Searle, 2002) In my opinion, events industry in future 20 years will be a lot of changes.Because events of the future will need to adapt and evolve to respond to economic, environmental, social and technological changes. As we think an event has to think green today and even more in future. Events bring our environment negative effects gradually reduce and make more contribution to make our environment sustainability. Events of scale will be increased and countless of new themes will be gave out. Events industry comprehensive rise up and become the important part of the tourism economic. ConclusionAs the Olympic Games has been hosting s uccessfully, people become to pay more attention about events industry. Events is developing gradually and become more important. But in its development process we also see negative effects for our environment and society. But I believe that in the events industry development process of future, the organizers will be more efficient to manage it in order to make event industry better. Reference List Bowdin, G. , Allen, J. , O’Toole, W. , Harris, R. , McDonnell, I. , (2011). Events management. 3rd ed.Great Britain, Elsevier. Cooper, C. , Fletcher, J. , Fyall, A. , Gilbert, D. and Wanhill, S. (2005). Tourism Principles and Practice, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, London. Cashman, Richard (2002): Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities: university lecture on the Olympics [online article]. Barcelona :Centre d'Estudis Olimpics (UAB). International Chair in Olympism (IOC-UAB). Available from: ;http://olympicstudies. uab. es/lectures/web/pdf/cashman. pdf; [Date of publication:2002] Kaye, A. (2005). China’s convention and exhibition center boom.Journal of Convention ; Event Tourism, 7(1), 5-22. Olympic. org. Mission [Internet] Sport and environment commission: Available from: ; http://www. olympic. org/sport-environment-commission? tab=mission; Plato, D,. (2010). Smart Events HANDBOOK: How to implement event greening. Cape Town, Independent publisher. Raj, R. and Musgrave, J. (2009). Event Management and Sustainability. CAB International, London. Searle, Glen (2002): Uncertain legacy: Sydney’s Olympic stadium. European planning studies, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 845-60.