12 Surprising Facts About Starfish

Starfish (or sea stars) are beautiful marine animals found in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. All starfish resemble stars, and though the most common have only five arms, some of these animals can grow up to 40 arms. The amazing sea creatures—part of a group of animals known as echinoderms—travel using their tube feet. They can regenerate lost limbs, and they can swallow large prey using their unusual stomachs. Sea Stars Are Not Fish Carlos Agrazal/EyeEm/Getty Images Although sea stars live underwater and are commonly called starfish, they are not true fish. They do not have gills, scales, or fins like fish do. Sea stars also move quite differently from fish. While fish propel themselves with their tails, sea stars have tiny tube feet to help them move along. Because they are not classified as fish, scientists prefer to call starfish sea stars. Sea Stars Are Echinoderms Starfish and purple sea urchin. Kathi Moore/EyeEm/Getty Images Sea stars belong to the phylum Echinodermata. That means they are related to sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and  sea lilies. Overall, this phylum contains over 6,000 species. Many echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged around a central axis. Many sea stars have five-point radial symmetry because their body has five sections. This means that they do not have an obvious left and right half, only a top side and a bottom side. Echinoderms also usually have spines, which are less pronounced in sea stars than they are in other organisms such as  sea urchins. There Are Thousands of Sea Star Species Colorful sea star in the Galapagos. Ed Robinson/Getty Images There are about 2,000 species of sea stars. Some live in the intertidal zone,  while others live in the  deep water  of the ocean. While many species live in tropical areas, sea stars can also be found in cold areas—even the polar regions. Not All Sea Stars Have Five Arms Sun star with many arms. Joe Dovala/Getty Images While many people are most familiar with the five-armed species of sea stars, not all sea stars have just five arms. Some species have many more, such as the sun star, which can have up to 40 arms.   Sea Stars Can Regenerate Arms Sea star regenerating four arms. Daniela Dirscherl/Getty Images Amazingly, sea stars can regenerate lost arms, which  is useful if the sea star is injured by a predator. It can lose an arm, escape, and grow a new arm later. Sea stars house most of their vital organs in their arms. This means that some species can even regenerate an entirely new sea star from just one arm and a portion of the stars central disc. It wont happen too quickly, though. It takes about a year for an arm to grow back. Sea Stars Are Protected by Armor Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) on Coral Reef, Phi Phi Islands, Thailand. Borut Furlan/WaterFrame/Getty Images Depending on the species, a sea stars skin may feel leathery or slightly prickly. Sea stars have a tough covering on their upper side, which is made up of plates of calcium carbonate with tiny spines on their surface. A sea stars spines are used for protection from predators, which include birds, fish, and sea otters. One very spiny sea star is the aptly named crown-of-thorns starfish. Sea Stars Do Not Have Blood Closeup of the arms of a sea star under a pier, showing its tube feet. pfly/Flickr/CC BY-SA 2.0 Instead of blood, sea stars have a circulatory  system  made up  primarily of sea water. Seawater  is pumped into the animals  water vascular system  through its sieve plate. This is a sort of trap door called a  madreporite, which is often visible as a light-colored spot on the top of the  starfish. From the madreporite, the  sea water moves into the sea stars  tube feet, causing the arm to extend. Muscles within the tube feet are used to retract the limb. Sea Stars Move Using Their Tube Feet Tube Feet of Spiny Starfish. Borut Furlan/Getty Images Sea stars move using hundreds of tube feet, which are located on their underside. The tube feet are filled with sea water, which the sea star brings in through the madreporite on its top side. Sea stars can move quicker than you might expect. If you get a chance, visit a tide pool or aquarium and take a moment to watch a sea star moving around. It is one of the most amazing sights in the ocean. Tube feet also help the sea star hold its prey, including clams and mussels. Sea Stars Eat With Their Stomachs Inside-Out Karen Gowlett-Holmes/Getty Images Sea stars prey on bivalves like mussels and clams, as well as small fish, snails, and barnacles. If youve ever tried to pry the shell of a clam or mussel open, you know how difficult it is. However, sea stars  have a unique way of eating these creatures. A sea stars mouth is on its underside. When it catches its food, the sea star will wrap its arms around the animals shell and pull it open just slightly. Then it does something amazing. The sea star pushes its stomach through its mouth and into the bivalves shell. It then digests the animal and slides its stomach back into its own body. This unique feeding mechanism allows the sea star to eat larger prey than it would otherwise be able to fit into its tiny mouth. Sea Stars Have Eyes Common Sea Star (visible eye spots circled). Paul Kay/Getty Images Many people are surprised to learn that starfish have eyes. Its true. The eyes are there—just not in the place you would expect. Sea stars have an eye spot at the end of each arm. This means that a five-armed sea star has five eyes, while the 40-armed sun star has 40 eyes. Each sea star eye is very simple and looks like a red spot. It doesnt see much detail but it can sense light and dark, which is just enough for the environments the animals live in. All True Starfish Are in the Class Asteroidea Marcos Welsh/Design Pics/Getty Images Starfish belong to the animal class Asteroidea. These echinoderms all have several arms arranged around a central disk. Asteroidea is the classification for true stars. These animals are in a separate class from brittle stars and basket stars, which have a more defined separation between their arms and their central disk. Sea Stars Have Two Ways to Reproduce Doug Steakley/Getty Images Male and female sea stars are hard to tell apart because they look identical. While many animal species reproduce using only one method, sea stars are a little different. Sea stars can reproduce sexually. They do this by releasing sperm and eggs (called  gametes) into the water. The sperm fertilizes the gametes and produces swimming larvae, which eventually settle on the ocean floor, growing into adult sea stars. Sea stars can also reproduce asexually through regeneration, which is what happens when the animals lose an arm.

Famous Thinker - 2262 Words

Famous Thinkers Paper Jason Terry PHL/458 September 25, 2012 Cher Summers Famous Thinkers Paper Looking back throughout history many famous thinkers have made an impact on society; however, not as much as Dr. Martin Luther King; a people’s man or Mr. Bill Gates a business hero. After researching these two famous thinkers and their contributions to society I will identify the problems each wanted to solve, the solutions to the problems and the implementation of those solutions. The exploration of each thinker’s social, political, and personal environments will show how those factors contributed to their respective creativity, a full comparison of their creative processes, a critique of their thoughts and ideas and the different†¦show more content†¦He graduated from high school at the age of 15 and went to work in Connecticut. He was surprised that he could sit or eat wherever he wanted, unlike in the south. In 1953, he moved to Alabama and began his ministry at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. During this time segregation was at its height, and he was in a position to speak out for equal rights. Many people were advocating ending segregation by any means possible, but he believed the best way to promote racial equality was to organize peaceful nonviolent protest. He thought the use of violence would only hinder the efforts of the equal right movement. This theory was proven during the protest in Birmingham. Dr. King was arrested for leading a nonviolent protest. The Birmingham police were dispatched for crowd control and used violent force against the protestors. Despite the violence the protesters did not retaliate. This event was also influential in achieving racial equality in the United States. Dr. King was born into a household deep rooted into the southern black ministry, particularly the southern Baptist. While going to college to receive his education in ministry, Dr. King made a decision to follow in the actions of his teacher and the college president, Mr. Benjamin Mays. Benjamin was a public gospel activist who had dedicated his life to combating racial inequality. Dr. King also went to the Crozer Theological Seminary in which he studied and learned the idea of nonviolence by Mohandas GandhiShow MoreRelatedFamous Thinkers1102 Words   |  5 PagesFamous Thinkers: Steven Spielberg Grace Hopper Famous thinkers can come from all walks of life and can be from our generation and others. Reaching goals can be done in many ways. The similarity famous thinkers is that they are all share creative minds and are all creative thinkers. Creative ideas are the foundation of creative process (Goodman Fritchie, 2011). Famous thinkers base their ideas on searching for solutions to problem, need, or the way others think or view specific issues.Read MoreFamous Thinkers Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at history and try to discover famous thinkers in our society, many men and women stand out. Famous thinkers are people who used critical thinking and perseverance to overcome adversity to succeed. The two that stand out in my mind are Bill Gates and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Lets discuss their contributions to society as a whole, the problems or issues that they resolved, and how they were able to come up with their solutions.   Contributions to Society Self made multi-billionaireRead MoreFamous Thinkers Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesFamous Thinkers Paper: Bill Gates and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. PHL/458 Mr. McDuffie October 2, 2012 While exploring history and trying to realize the famous thinkers of our society, countless men and women stand out. Famous thinkers are individuals who used determination and critical thinking to overcome hard times in order to do well. The two famous thinkers that thrust out in my mind are Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Bill GatesRead MoreEssay on Famous Thinkers1570 Words   |  7 PagesFamous Thinkers Sandra Faye PHL/458/ Creative Minds and Critical Thinking April 22, 2010 Famous Thinkers By this time, 2013, the world has been blessed with a good handful of creative thinkers who have greatly contributed to their communities, thus, to the world. Nelson Mandela and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr are to excellent examples of outside the box thinkers who stroveRead MorePhl/458 Famous Thinkers Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesPHL/458 October 8, 2012 Famous Thinkers While thinking of computer software, you begin to think of Microsoft. In fact if you use a computer, chances are that you will have some type of program on there that is developed by Microsoft. Bill Gates is the chairman and co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and businesses realize their full potential. When it comes to discounted variety stores there are not many stores thatRead MorePhl458 Famous Thinker Paper Wk 42316 Words   |  10 PagesFamous Thinkers PHL/458 Famous Thinkers Many famous thinkers have made an impact on society; however, none as much as Dr. King; a people’s man or Warren Buffet; a businessman. After an in-depth analysis of the thinkers and their contributions one will identify the problems each sought to solve, the solutions each found, and implementation of those solutions. Moreover, exploration of each thinker’s social, political, and personal environments will show how those factors contributed to theirRead MoreFamous Thinkers Essay Dr. King and Bertrand Russell1363 Words   |  6 PagesFamous Thinkers PHL/458 March 19, 2012 Creative ideas are the foundation of the creative process (Goodman amp; Fritchie, 2011). To change the way a person thinks about an issue, or to find a solution to the problem is what many of the ideas revolve around. The level of greatness that each thinker is famous for is acquired throughout their life. There are a few things that all famous thinkers have similarities in that allow them to hold the position a â€Å"famous thinker.† Dr. Martin Luther KingRead MoreFamous Thinkers: Immanuel Kant and Martin Luther King Jr.1282 Words   |  5 PagesFamous Thinkers: Immanuel Kant and Martin Luther King, Jr. Introduction Throughout history, across time and space, there have been many thinkers whose teachings and ideas have inspired significant changes in the world around them. From Socrates and Sir Isaac Newton to Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein, certain individuals throughout history have had both the brainpower and the motivation to essentially change the future, using their new ideas and beliefs to shape the worlds next generationsRead MoreThere are famous thinkers that have little in common with what makes them strive to achievement1100 Words   |  5 PagesThere are famous thinkers that have little in common with what makes them strive to achievement personal and professional goals. Some famous thinkers have creative ideas in which create a secure foundation for the creative process. Several of these ideas circle around finding a solution to a problem, or changing the way people think about upcoming issues. There are two particular famous thinkers: Sam Walton and Bill Gates., both of these men were able to use the creative process to alter the wayRead MorePhl 458 Week 4 Individual Assignment Famous Thinkers Paper1106 Words   |  5 PagesTwentieth Century Thinkers PHL/458 Twentieth Century Thinkers The Twentieth Century, the year 1901, proved to be a time of change, brilliance, dedication, and new-found technology (2011). From quill pens to ink pens, horse-drawn carriages to gas powered engines, slavery and segregation of Blacks and Whites to the Civil Rights movement, and from handwriting on tablets to storing important information in a computer;

That Summer Sarah Dessen free essay sample

That Summer The book â€Å"That Summer† by Sarah Dessen is a book about the relationship between two sisters, who have their struggles but come together in the end more as friends than as a family member. Haven is just another teenage girl that doesn’t agree with what her body looks like and tries her hardest to either be noticed by the guy she likes or hide in the crowd from the girls she wants to avoid. Haven is six feet tall her freshman year and lives in the shadow of her twenty-one year old sister, Ashley.Ashley is a petite five-four, with a curvy rounded body that everyone wishes they had; tiny feet, perfect hair, small enough to be cute, but forceful enough to be respected. When Ashley was Havens age she had already been voted most popular, dated and rejected the captain of the football team, and was a star cheerleader. She was always number one. Ashley had the life every girl dreamed of: being popular and always had the cutest boyfriend at all times. Haven is the complete opposite; awkward and tall. With her parents’ divorce and her father getting remarried, Haven has just been trying to quietly get over all the chaos in her life.Haven is doing well until Ashley announced she was getting married in a few months; on August nineteenth. Ashley was getting married to Lewis Warsher, who would be the end of Ashley’s long boyfriend list. Out of all Ashley’s boyfriends there was only one boyfriend that actually ever meant something to Haven, his name was Sumner Lee. Sumner wasn’t like anyone else Ashley had ever dated. Ashley liked the guys who were well dressed, football players, wresters, and maybe a tennis player here or there. Sumner on the other hand, didn’t fit this description. He wasn’t an athlete. He was skinny with black curly hair and bright blue eyes. Sumner had changed Ashley in a way that meant the world to Haven. Ashley was different with Sumner around. Ashley was always rude to Haven; acted like she wasn’t there and ignored her. Now with Sumner around Ashley actually talked to Haven and treated her like a sister. This helped a lot to Haven because it was during the time period when their father was getting remarried to the weather girl. One night Ashley and Sumner broke up.To Ashley it was like every other break up in her life; go to sleep, wake up in the morning and nothing was never wrong. Ashley would move on and forget about everything that had ever happened. While working one afternoon, Haven was on her lunch break and saw. . . . . Sumner! She went up and talked to him and they caught up on things like how they’ve been. She told Sumner that Ashley was getting married and the world still revolves around Ashley. Between Havens awful job, Sumner, and Ashley and her wedding crisis every minute haven just couldn’t take it anymore.So she quit her job and ran away from home. Haven was at a nearby park, curled up into a ball just trying to forget everything that had happened to her. She was pretending that she wasn’t six feet tall and awkward. Ashley wasn’t getting married. She was pretending that she was with Sumner. On the street of the other side of the park the purring noise of a car was going by that she’s heard before. It was Sumner’s car. Haven immediately got up and followed him to a nearby senior center where he was volunteering at. It was a dance night there.Haven went inside and was watching Sumner dance with all the old ladies. Haven watched him dance for a while and as she was walking away Sumner ran over and grabbed her by the waist and pulled her close to him for the last dance of the night. All the senior citizens were in a perfect circle around the both of Haven and Sumner swaying back and forth to the music. The music was coming to a stop. Haven and Sumner were gazing into each other’s eyes and when Sumner leaned into Haven, she just leaned into him and closed her eyes for a kiss.This is what Haven has been dreaming of and tonight was when it all finally came true. Haven got into Sumner’s car so he could take her home and that’s when she broke down. She told him everything; about how she quit her job, running away from home, and how she just couldn’t take Ashley and all her problems anymore. Haven didn’t want to go home but that was the place Sumner was going to take her. Haven wasn’t going home so she got out of the car and ran into the nearby woods. It started to rain and haven was lost and had no idea where she was at.Meanwhile, Sumner was at havens house telling her family what had just happened. After that Ashley ran out looking for haven and found her in the woods in the pouring rain. When Ashley found Haven, Haven just started to cry and told Ashley how everything was wrong. Ashley was comforting to Haven more than she’s ever been and that’s exactly what Haven needed. Today was the day of Ashley’s wedding. As Haven and her mother were walking to their car, her mother stopped her and told her that things would be better and that Haven needs to accept the fact that her sister was happy getting married to Lewis.During the wedding Haven was wishing that she could talk to her sister one more time before she walked down the aisle but she was too late. Ashley was already walking down the aisle and was as beautiful as always. When Ashley got to Haven she stopped and hugged Haven. Haven realized that everything was going to be ok at that moment. I really liked this book and would recommend it to anyone. It really shows the struggle between two sisters and how they overcome it. The book talks about the divorce between Havens parents and kids who have had their parents split up might really relate to it.

The Executive Compensation Scheme Accountings Essay Example For Students

The Executive Compensation Scheme Accountings Essay The separation of the proprietors and the direction of the company have introduced the bureau theory in an organisation. The directors ( the agent ) of the company are moving on behalf of the stockholders ( the proprietor ) in the day-to-day operation in the organisation, and they are compensated with an in agreement sum of wage. However, the prostration of several well-known organisations such as Enron in United States has created uncertainty on the issue of executive compensation by the society peculiarly the investors and stakeholders of an organisation. We will write a custom essay on The Executive Compensation Scheme Accountings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Recently, the intelligence sing the failure of several well-established fiscal establishments around the universe has farther increase the popularity of subject sing executive compensation. Although confronting the possibility of bankruptcy, media reported that these fiscal establishments are still paying high executive wage for unproductive executives. This state of affairs caused the populace to lost assurance on the trustiness of the compensation schemes particularly to the investors. Executive compensation is the wage received by the executives for their service in the corporation. By and large, executive compensation is given in several signifiers such as base wage, one-year fillip, stock options, restricted stock grant and long term inducement program. Level of executive wage may change from house to another depending on several factors. The research revealed that the chief factor that influences the executive wage is the size of the house which straight affect the house s ability to pay and occupation complexness. Other than stated above, the handiness of the human capital of executives besides plays a critical function in the finding of the compensation bundles provided by the corporation. Primary intent of the wages of wage to the executives is to increase motive of the executives who responsible in set uping the way of company development and profitableness ( Matsumura and Jae, 2005 ) . Correctly allocated wage besides utile to pull and retain the right individual into the organisation. However, recent juncture shows that the bing executive compensation bundles in corporations are unable to show the intended intent. The compensation bundles are designed for the intent of involvement alliance between the directors and the stockholders. Yet, these bundles designed have non able to carry through the intended intent. Assorted fortunes have arisen that basically change this aim into status that is wholly against to the stockholders. This can be illustrated by the function of stock options granted by the executives is ab initio average to aline involvement of directors and the stockholders by actuating the directors to move on behalf of the stockholders by maximising the house value. Nevertheless, some executives serve on their ain involvement instead than stockholder. Highly remunerated executives are non exhibit the expected public presentation ( Perel, 2003 ) . Furthermore, proviso of such compensation has caused the executives to pull out rent from the company and reassign the wealth from the stockholders to the executives themselves. This issue has attracted the attending of the investors every bit good as the regulators in covering such affair. The viability of the executive compensation revelation to the 3rd parties is questionable. Investors and other parties are concern to the extent of revelation on whether sufficient and appropriate information has been disclosed as the information will impact their economic determination devising. Disclosure demands associating to executives compensation has going more important in the society in order to protect the public involvement. Executive compensation is moving as an instrument to aline the involvement of the stockholders and the directors of an organisation. Agency theorists believe that the compensation designed to be long-run oriented is associate to the future public presentation of the company. When the executives are compensated with long-run inducements, they will be motivated to increase the value of the house in order to guarantee they obtain the inducements as promised. However, premise made by the bureau theoreticians is non to the full practiced by the executives in the world. The compensation provided to the executive frequently has no relation to the public presentation of the company. Furthermore, the wage to the executives is non affected even the house is executing ill. This can be proven in the instance of Washington Mutual Bank. Media reported that the new main executive officer of the bank was paid 18 million US dollar for three hebdomads of office hr. However, the truth is the bank is confronting illiquidity place and being charged into bankruptcy. Yet, the executive is still compensated with high wage. Furthermore, executives have managerial power to command on their compensation in some organisation ( Efendi, et.al. , 2007 ) . This can be shown in the instance of American Insurance Group ( A.I.G. ) . The compensation of the group executives are overseen and control by A.I.G. s former main executives, Maurice R. Greenberg. The ability of the executives to command over their ain compensation strategies allows them to pull out wealth of the company s proprietors to themselves. This clearly exhibit that the stockholders involvement is leave unprotected. The aim of wage for public presentation is to counterbalance the persons in the organisation in conformity to their public presentation contributed to the company. Persons with higher public presentation are likely to be compensated with higher compensation and therefore actuate them to accomplish better public presentation. Better public presentation by the employees in the organisation has direct influence on the public presentation of the company which can increase the satisfaction of the clients, better repute of the company, higher gross revenues coevals and therefore increase the value of the company every bit good as the wealth of the stockholders. On the contrary, the wage for public presentation inducement has subsequently become inconsistent with the initial purpose that aims to actuate the directors or executives to move in the involvement of the stockholders ( Crocker and Slemrod, 2007 ) . For the intent of demoing better public presentation, the executives tend to pull strings and hide the true public presentation of the company from the populace particularly the proprietors in order to obtain high wage and other inducements from the company. They attempt to maximise the short term benefits available to them in disbursal of the stockholders. Due to the absence of a monitoring mechanism on the executives behavior in the organisation, this has caused the wealth of the stockholders channelled to the executive themselves. In add-on, the executives besides alter the timing of the company s information revelation to accomplish the mark demand for entitlement of the fillip or inducements. For illustration, when the stockholders promised the executive for a certain sum of fillip when the portion monetary value of the company accomplish a given mark, the executive will let go of insider information or intelligence sing the company to 3rd parties. .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .postImageUrl , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:hover , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:visited , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:active { border:0!important; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:active , .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud81f1a7c1b533eeaae310533d5a3f73b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Birth Order Essay IntroThe timing of the information released to the populace can straight increase the portion monetary value of the company therefore indirectly fulfils the demands requested. Besides that, the executives besides may conspire with the prediction analyst on the future net incomes of the company to supply a lower prognosis on the company s fiscal public presentation ( Matsumura and Jae, 2005 ) . Lower future net incomes prognosis provided by the analyst enables the executives to accomplish the mark requested by the stockholders effortlessly. Share option is the portions of a company offer to the employees of a company at a monetary value lower than the market monetary value or at no cost imposed on them. Share option to the executives is besides average to aline their involvement to the stockholders and actuate them to increase the steadfast value and therefore benefits the stockholders. Furthermore, the figure of portion options hold by the executives has consequence on the deceitful fiscal coverage by the executives. Higher value of the portion options hold by the executives tends to cut down the falsified coverage on the fiscal position of the company when the main executive officer is besides the board s president and compensated with portion options and frailty versa. The executive ownership of the company s portion implied that the executive become portion of the proprietors of the company. For illustration, in the event of settlement, voluntary settlement is likely to protect the involvement of the stockholders compared to mandatory settlement. Percentage of portion options hold by the executives positively influences the determination on the type of weaving up of the company ( Mehran et.al. , 1998 ) . When company s executive posses higher per centum of shareholdings in a company, voluntary weaving up is more desirable compared to compulsory weaving up as voluntary weaving up is more favorable to involvement protection of the stockholders. However, allowing portion options to the executive may non necessary achieve the aim as expected. The function of portion option in cut downing deceitful coverage has opposed by Harris and Bromiley ( 2007 ) where the proportion of the portion option can besides hold negative influence on the deceit on the fiscal statements. Executives with higher sum of portions options will probably to supply a falsified study of the fiscal statements. In order to delight the stockholders with the favorable company s public presentation and fiscal place, executives may utilize fabricated fiscal statements for this intent. In fact, the company s fiscal public presentation might be wholly different from what was reported by the executives. Meanwhile, the executives may hold already sold all the portions on their manus before the information about the existent fiscal place of the company being released to the populace. The failure of corporate administration in company may do such affair to happen more easy and gnaw the involvement of the proprietors. Furthermore, directors with portion options tend to utilize insider information to derive net income ( Matsumura and Jae, 2005 ) . The directors that act as the agent for the stockholders in the day-to-day direction of the company have caused the stockholders to hold limited information about the company s operation. This has give advantage to the executives to hold more information compared to the stockholders, and therefore, happening of the information dissymmetry. The executives are likely to cognize the inside informations about the event go oning in the company that may do the motion in the company s portion monetary value in progress. Their ability to cognize the intelligence in progress compared to the stockholders has enabled them to bask maximized net income while the investors may non be able to derive from the intelligence. Difference between the wage of the executive and the top direction squad has the motivational consequence to promote competition among them ( Carpenter and Sanders, 2002 ) . The directors of the house are likely to better their accomplishments and expertness in order to vie with each other. Better equipped knowledge direction is able to increase the efficiency and effectivity if the company s operation and hence addition the public presentation of the company. This can besides cut down the cost of supervising on the public presentation of the executive and the direction squad. Furthermore, if the executive and the direction squad are better compensated via long term compensation, this can advance cooperation among them. This is due to the executive and the direction squad are sharing similar challenges to accomplish their end in order to obtain the compensation promised. However, imbalanced inducements given to the executives and the direction squad may make dissatisfaction among them ( Devers et.al. , 2007 ) . If the executive is better compensated compared to the direction squad, this will do the direction squad to be covetous and experience uneasy because their function in an organisation is every bit of import in order to accomplish high public presentation for the house. This consequence can foster enlarge the job face by the house if the executive of the house required the cognition of the direction squad in the operation of the company such as in a high-technology house. The wealth of the stockholders will be greatly affected when the public presentation of the house is cut downing by the public presentation of the employees. In the United States of America, the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) has encouraged the revelation of the executive compensation of the listed companies to be more crystalline ( Kin, 2003 ) . This is due to increased revelation of the compensation schemes granted by the executives can cut down the information dissymmetry. Disclosure of the compensation information can increase the assurance of the investors towards the company s policy and hence addition the creditability of the company. Importance of executive compensation strategies revelation has become greater in order to protect the involvement of the stockholders and other stakeholders. In the corporate universe, revelation of executive compensation strategies acts as an instrument to increase the creditability of the executives ( Gordon, 2006 ) . By unwraping the executives wage, this has enabled the administration of the executives to be easier and efficaciously executed. This can heighten the cognition of the stockholders about their direction wage and to take action in the event of inappropriate compensated granted by the executives. .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .postImageUrl , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:hover , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:visited , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:active { border:0!important; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:active , .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175 .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udded1f18e29b92d883a22f720ab38175:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diabetes EssayThe extent of revelation of the executives wage has increased dramatically since the regulative organic structures make alterations on the revelation demands ( Liu and Taylor, 2008 ) . However, the revelation of the compensation is chiefly focused in the wage received by the executives when they are still serving in the company. Benefits that received by the executives post-employment such as pension and expiration payments to the executives are still disclosed with the minimum information. The true compensation may shack in the concluding compensation received by the executives. Large sum of the compensation paid to the executives when they are retired or t erminated may go a load to the fiscal place of a company. Furthermore, some constituents in the executive compensation are non to the full disclosed in the coverage of the company s fiscal place ( Rashind, 2005 ) . Example is the fringe benefits consumed by the executives. Some directors tend to utilize the company s resources for ain benefits in disbursal of the company. Due to the nature of the fact that value of fringe benefits consumed by the executives unable to value accurately, the executives have a leaning to mistreat the value to be disclosed ( Gordon, 2006 ) . In add-on, they may assume that the disbursals incurred to be portion of the professional costs to conceal off from the eyes of public. The failure of a company to unwrap such disbursals may non able to supply true position on the compensation given to the executives and may impact the economical determination with respect to the company true public presentation. Administration mechanism in an organisation plays an of import function to guarantee that sensible compensation is offered to the executives. Good pattern of corporate administration can go an effectual tool to supervise the composing of the compensation strategy rewarded to the executives. The being of independent wage commission in the board of managers is likely to guarantee the rightness of the compensation strategy designed ( Liu and Taylor, 2008 ) . The wage commission has the function to plan the compensation bundles provided to the executives. In add-on, the commission besides has the responsible to maintain the stockholders ever informed about the policies with respects to the design of compensation. Yet, the information disclosed to the stockholders may non accurate when the composing of the wage commission has the influence of the executives ( Matsumura and Jae, 2005 ) . For case, the commission may be elected or nominated by the executives. The independency of the commission is questionable every bit good as the rightness of executive compensation revelation. The state of affairs becomes worse when the board of managers besides become protagonists of the executives ( Perel, 2003 ) . The board may non able to dispute the place of the executives and influenced by the executives on the revelation demand. This has significantly influence the stockholders when the information provided sing the compensation is non stand for the existent sum disbursal in the compensation. The prostration of many well-known organisations around the universe has increased the concern of society particularly among the investors and regulative environment about the causes of the corporate failures. Executive compensation has been argued to be one of the possible causes in the prostration of the organisations. The inappropriate design of the executive compensation has caused the stockholders to bear a cost on the wealth extracted by the executives. Although the intended intent of the executive compensation constituents such as the stock options and the public presentation related wage is to aline the involvement of the stockholders to the directors, negative effects have take topographic point finally. The deceitful coverage in the fiscal place of the company by the executives has caused farther losingss to the principals of the company. Egoistic executives are likely to bring forth falsified fiscal public presentation and merchandising the options grant by the usage of the insider information in order to obtain maximized net income. In a nut shell, the executives will still hold the purpose to supply dishonest coverage of the fiscal place to the public even they are good compensated. Disclosure demands of the executive compensation are of import to the executives to supply information sing the design and wagess offered to the executives. The information provided has influence on the determination doing procedure by the stockholders, possible investors and other stakeholders. However, the revelation of the information may non ever in favor of the interested parties. Some organisations may non unwrap full information sing the compensation granted by the executives. Compensation to the executives may has hidden disbursals that is non reflected in the revelation such as the fringe benefits consumed. This may non able to supply utile information to the stockholders and the investors during determination devising. Therefore, appropriate actions should be taken to better the feasibleness of the executive compensation and its revelation to the populace. To ease better involvement alliance of the proprietors and the directors of an organisation, institutional investors should be encouraged to affect in the shareholdings of an organisation ( Hartzell and Starks, 2003 ) . In order to pull institutional investors with big pool of fund to put into a house, the house may accommodate the compensation schemes that are preferred by most investors. This has indirectly influence the design of the executive compensation every bit good as the revelation of the information associate with the executive compensation provided. These revelations can supply advantages such as cut downing information dissymmetry between the directors and other investors and the stockholders. Furthermore, the function of independent wage commission should be emphasized in the design of the wage bundle. The independence of the commission members should ever analyze in order to guarantee the wage designed is non opposing the involvement of the stockholders. The revelation demand of the executive compensation besides needs to be more rigorous by covering more inside informations of the composing of the compensation. More information sing the compensation is disclosed can help the investors and stockholders in doing economic determination. Finally, in order to protect the involvement of the proprietors, stockholders are urged to take part more in the determination doing procedure in the company peculiarly in the one-year general meeting. This can guarantee the involvement of the proprietors is good protected and the voice of the stockholders can be taken into consideration by the direction of the company in way and policies acceptance by the direction.

good morning Vietnam Essay Example

good morning Vietnam Essay The movie Good Morning, Vietnam Directed by Barry Levinson and written by Mitch Markowitz Had a solid view, that was portrayed in many ways, on the roles of the North Vietnamese, South Vietnamese, and American Soldiers. It also depicted a clear picture of the Vietnamese Civilians and Viet Cong. The film began with a clear-cut portrayal of American Soldiers within the confounds of an office, and the discrepancies amongst the high ranking and higher ranking Officers. Robin Williams is introduced into the Movie as a humorous man meant to be a radio DJ for the American Soldiers fightingoutside the Office. The high-ranking officials in charge of the News broadcastings limited Adrian Cronauer(played by Robin Williams) to broadcast the most mild of new about the war to the soldiers; the very same soldiers who were fighting the war. In this was, the film maker practically hands over to the audience the fact that high ranking officials wanted to virtually blind-sight listeners into thinking that the war is only being fought in the hillsthat it is, in fact, not real to them, but very distant. By doing this he shows how, by using propaganda, the news controlled out view [American view] and the soldiers views on the war that we were fighting. Misleading the masses to believe what the handful of major leaders felt was necessary for the masses to believe by keeping them mal-informed and blissfully ignorant of the actual situations at hand. Along with the portrayal of misconception within the confounds of the Vietnam War, the filmmaker successfully was able to serve the audience with the sight of individuals within each army confound. He created the antithesis of thefaceless mass propaganda that Dictators such as Hitler used to create a subhuman tag for their targets. Consider the fact that when a student reads about mass casualties in a war, decades before their time, they only see the numbe

Caution

Caution: before reading this essay I just want to let you know that this book just *censored*ing sucks!Ok, now you may continue! I recieved a 90 for this paper out of 100. Daniel Roke, an experienced Australian stud farmer, has been hired to investigate a series of horse dopings throughout Englands racing circuit. Dan, hoping to break free from his dull and tedious life in Australia, accepted the offer when it was presented to him by The Earl of October. Seeing as how October was one of the most respected and successful people in the business, Dan was offered 20,000 pounds for the completion of his job. With his family in mind Dan set off to Octobers stables where he first began the mission that would change his life forever. In Dick Franciss newest mystery novel, For Kicks, Daniel Roke discovers his true self by risking life and limb trying to expose the secret underground world of horse doping. Disguised as a stable lad, Dan makes his way through some of the dirtiest stables in England starting at Octobers and working his way down to Hedly Humbers, all while earning the reputation of a criminal. Dans investigation takes him to places hed never been before and makes him an enemy as well as a friend to many. Dan quickly learns that people who would abuse horses would do far worse to humans and that as soon as you enter Humbers stable its no holds barred. The author uses Daniel Roke, a well-known stud farmer in Australia, to depict the harsh realities of horse racing that many overlook. Throughout Dans adventure he begins to realize how badly stable lads are treated and how often they are stereotyped as being terrible people. He also finds it extremely difficult to stand by and allow people to abuse horses the way they. Dan absolutely hates the disrespect and cruelty that the horses have to withstand and is completely shocked when he witnesses it first hand. This ...

Turkish Lobby in the European Union Case Study

Turkish Lobby in the European Union - Case Study Example Such a situation arose because rulers cannot be expected to know all the problems faced by their subjects. Hence, people have used various methods by which their views can be heard and understood by whatever power that governs them. This process developed to a situation where a group of influential persons were able to make a ruler comply to their wishes. This process known to the modern world as lobbying has been going on ever since a structured form of governance has existed. At present, lobbying plays a powerful role in influencing decisions of governments across the world. This process has developed to such an extent that a powerful lobby can influence even the governments of other countries. This paper is an attempt at studying the lobbying process that exists in Turkey with regard to the European Union. Turkey, has been trying to get full membership in the Union for a long time. In fact, the process started way back in September1959 when Turkey applied for an associate membersh ip in what was the European Economic Council (EEC). (EU Turkey Relations 2004). The timeline for the accession process is given here. After four years, in September 1963, the Ankara Agreement came into force where Turkey is to be taken into the Customs Union and also for full membership in the EEC. A financial protocol is also signed during this period. In 1970 an Additional Protocol and a second financial protocol is made and signed. This was in September of that year in Brussels. Both these were regarding the setting up of the Customs Union. Before accession could take place, Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 and this created problems for accession since Cyprus was also a part of Europe. A military coup in the country on September 12, 1980 worsened the relationship between the Community and Turkey still further. Even so, the Community agreed to decrease customs duties gradually until it was to be removed totally, on Turkish agricultural products by the year 1987. The membership proces s came to a standstill until it was revived by the Turkish EEC Association Council in 1986. On April 14th 1987, turkey applies for full membership in the council instead of an Associate member. It took two years, until December 1989 for the

3 page executive report describing how information technology impacts Essay

3 page executive report describing how information technology impacts California Workers' Compensation Industy - Essay Example Information technology and its benefits have not yet been fully employed in the workers’ compensation industry although several instances of it are available. Providers have been using the EDI but the process is still a challenge in the workers’ compensation industry. The workers’ compensation is such a small part of the claim that many providers have yet to start with electronically processing of claims.2 The technology that is used in the industry is P2P link which provides an electronic â€Å"transaction hub† which allows information to be shared between payers and providers. The providers can submit bills, medical reports and other communication through web interface. An automated review checks the bill for accuracy and completeness before it reaches the insurance carrier for payment. This is in use at Lakeland which improves the flow of information and streamlines the adjudication of claims. It has improved the ability to execute the payment of workers’ compensation claims in a timely manner. While other states use the American Medical Association guidelines to ensure fair evaluation of physical impairment, California lags behind. The California Workers’ Compensation System (CWCS) is in the grip of crisis as doctors are leaving by the dozen. Doctors are dropping out because of the delays in reimbursements for treatments.3 Patient loads have doubled while treatment authorization takes months. The new SB 899 had become effective in 2004 but is now under severe scrutiny for the human suffering it has caused. Nobody in the state administration is concerned as the insurance company profits are soaring. The faster an insurer receives notice of an injury, medical treatment can be initiated timely, the injured starts recuperating fast and gets back to work. This would eliminate the cost of hiring an attorney to settle claims. This is where

Expo-magic of the white city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expo-magic of the white city - Essay Example The documentary also makes a description of Midway Plaisance and features sideshows, belly dancing, street fighting, a large Ferris wheel and even salons and other activities that marked the beginning of the 21st century. The legacy that the ventures in the documentary left is also not left outside of the discussion in the documentary (Connelly, 2). 1) Discussing How the Columbian World's Fair Highlighted the Technological Delights and Cosmopolitan Pleasures of the Progressive Era There are several ways by which the Columbian world's fair highlighted the technological delights of the progressive era. One of these ways is the large Ferris wheel which served as the paragon of technological and industrial advancement. These are non-building structures comprising the rotating upright wheel and passenger cars [gondolas]. These are kept attached to the wheel in a manner that as the wheel turns; the force of gravity keeps the cars upright. It is for this reason that at the end of the 20th c entury, roller coaster, theme parks and carnival observations became increasingly popular. Conversely, there are also ways by which the Columbian world’s fair reflected the cosmopolitan pleasures of the progressive era. Some of these manifestations of the cosmopolitan pleasures of the aforementioned era include acts of revelry such as belly dancing, street fighting, riding on and participating in roller coaster rides, theme parks and carnival observations. ... 2) Discussing How The Fair Highlighted The Imperialism of The Late Nineteenth Century And How The Anglo Saxon Culture of The West Tried To Dominate The Culture of The Rest of The World Through Colonization It is a fact that the fair highlighted the imperialism of the 19th century. The Anglo Saxon culture of the West tried to dominate the culture of the rest of the world through colonization by using superior weapons that they had acquired from their industrial revolution and development that took place before the close of the 20th century. With these superior weapons, colonial masters were able to safely travel the world in search of more colonies, and to bring the autochthones into capitulation, whenever the two groups came across each other. It is the same technological advancement that helped the Anglo Saxon culture of the West entrench the unequal relations between themselves and their colonies. Particularly, the technological advancement allowed the Anglo Saxons to extract resou rces from colonies and transport them to the United Kingdom for processing and use. In another wavelength, the fair highlights how the Anglo Saxon culture of the West tried to dominate other cultures through colonization through the use of the concept of socio-cultural atavism. Because of being technologically endowed, the Anglo Saxon felt that it was more culturally advanced and that in this respect; it had the mandate and call to bring other societies that were perceived to be uncivilized, into civilization. Interestingly, colonialism was to be the conduit and model through which this civilization of colonies was to be socio-culturally emancipated. Conversely, the Anglo Saxons of

Applying Theories of Leadership, Organizations and Motivation

Applying Theories of Leadership, Organizations and Motivation Leadership is a social process through which a group or community delegate some power to someone or individual who influence the behavior of others without pressurizing or using any force for doing so but such leader/individual motivate the other. But on other hand leadership is the extra quality/ability of the management of an organization through which the management direct the subordinates to work for mutual goals of group with confidence. Leadership styles are different in different organization, industries and sectors because of their works styles, production capacity and working environment. Environment of all the organizations, industries and sectors is different than the environment of other because the nature of business and working capacity of different units of working is in accordance to its demands and necessities of business. Therefore, to direct the subordinates of a particular unit, the management of the same elect or select its leader through some process and delegate some powers to such leader and who utilize the powers delegated to him for the only purpose of the welfare or mutual benefits/goals of the group and as well as of the organization. Selection of leaders normally held in this way in bureaucratic organizations. 2. Leader A leader is someone who exercise influence over subordinate and other people without using threats or power for the only sake of the benefit or welfare of the community or groups so chosen or elected him/her as their leader. It would not be meaningless to say that a leader is someone who influences others through motivation and people likes to obey him or her willfully not in compulsion. A leader is person who represents the urges and requirements of his community or group and his all actions are only for the welfare and benefits of his groups. Generally leaders are of two kinds formal leaders and informal leaders. A leader who is appointed as leader and has been delegated some power under the shelter of a particular rank or position to perform the particular object. A formal leader is not a natural leader because such leaders are selected or elected in bureaucratic organization through some process for a particular time with the delegation of some particular powers to the extent of the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. An individual chosen by a group or community to which he belongs, without any election or selection is an informal leader and such leaders possess God gifted skills of communication and confidence. Such leaders do not possess authority as the formal leaders are delegated because they are not selected or elected and they are not leader of only an organization but they are leader of a group or community to with they belong and the represent the ideology, demands, requirements, necessities etc. of the groups or community. Informal leaders are natural leaders. 3. Requirements of Leadership for Meeting Present and Future Organizational Goals and Objectives Leaders are the heroes and assets of the organizations or communities to which they belongs and they have basic aim to achieve the task being set to him with the assistance of their groups with confidence and it is one of the duty and responsibility of the leader to communicate the task properly to the group and muster up their courage time to time in all the way required, take the suggestions of the group members to evaluate the attitude of the group members, coordinate the group to complete the task so given to them with the help of the group. Following skills are required to a leader to meet the organizational goals and objective to improve the efficiency of his group. 3.1 Communication of Task Knowledge to the Group Leader of an organization is a formal leader who has been given some authority to direct or influence his subordinates to work for the goals of organization. Formal leaders are part of bureaucratic organization and in this way a leader is given some tasks to be completed within a particular time with the connivance and co-ordination of his group. For getting effective work a leader is supposed to be such a person who possess the complete knowledge about the task in all respects and therefore, it is the first skill of a leader and the basic requirement of leadership to deliver/communicate the requisite knowledge about the task to the group at any stage to get the best of the group at all the times. He should communicate all the loops of the tasks to the group so that nothing should be remained doubtful about the task and the work should be started with confidence till the completion of the task. 3.2 Understanding Organizations Needs Leadership is the power of an organization through which it accumulate its strength in shape of confidence of the man power and high moral which lead the organization towards the prosperity and this is all possible only when the leaders or leadership of an organization remained informed with the demands of the organization needs. A task is a test of the organizations ability whether they have ability to work in any circumstances such as in crucial and difficult time by making right and useful decision in such situations. Co-ordination between the leadership and man power is the basic ingredient of organizations success and completion of difficult tasks. 3.3 Understanding Groups Need Labor/group is main power of an organization and they are fighters who fight for the success of organization because their success is a part of the organizations success. It is one of the main quality of leadership that it fully encourages the labor/groups and tries its level best to solve the problems and fulfill the needs of the groups because satisfaction of the group is composite and unrebutable requirement of a tasks completion. Good leadership works directly for the welfare of organization but indirectly it is fighting for the benefits of the group. Management of an organization by using the process of leadership not even control the groups in the organization but also by using leadership become able to improve the weakness of an organization man power into its strengths. 3.4 Arrangement for Training of Groups An organization is platform in which all fields/departments concerning to the nature of organizations work are combined such as purchase department, manufacturing department, marketing, finance and selling all departments are working together. Time to time new inventions are occurred which also needs to mould or adopt new techniques to improve the working conditions and skills for the gropes of different fields. It is the responsibility of the management of an organization that it should remained intact with the leadership of the groups to understand their needs and requirements for better working situations because by doing so the management through leadership can evaluate the weakness of the groups and can improve their skills by arranging training in the fields of stress. Through these training the management can either improve the skills of the labor but on the other hand also becomes able to evaluate the working capacity of the labor and these training vacations also highlight t he strength of relationship between the groups and leadership. 3.5 Evaluation of Weaknesses and Strengths A smooth working can only be perform if the organization know very well the fields of focus and stress and this could only be possible when an organization is able to understands its weaknesses and strengths. For making it possible, leadership plays the most important role such as a formal leader is indeed a leader from the organization who is selected by the organization through some process. Such leadership helps the organization in evaluating the weaknesses and strengths of the organization out from the groups of the organization because all the group members have good relations with the leaders and they also share their problems as well as about their extra skills with them and by polishing such extra skills through training an organization can not even improve its strengths but also covert its weaknesses into its strengths. A successful organization is such an organization which knows very well about its weaknesses and threats and by mustering the courage and moral of the groups the organization can get a rid of those weaknesses and threats and this is just possible because of good leadership. 3.6 Motivation of Groups of Organization It is the authority which is being delegated to the leaders that they have some powers through which then can direct and even can influence the subordinates and the subordinates obey the directions of the leaders happily because they believe in that all the actions of the leader are for the welfare of them and they are their representatives. Management of an organization can motivate the groups of the organization towards the goals and objectives of the organization just through leadership, Therefore, organizations should remain good and cordial relations with the leadership and should properly motivate to them so that they be able to motivate the groups properly and the best outcome could be expected and achieved. 3.7 Building Confidence All workers of an organization should be confident and confidence of workers is the key of success for organizations. All industries, organizations, sub-divisions and projects have different nature of work therefore, demands of all are different but the basic demand for all of them is the confidence of labor and confidence e of labor come in labor when they are satisfied with the organization management. A leader is intermediate person between the organization and its groups but he represent the groups because he belongs to them. Leadership of an organization can motivate the groups and can built confidence and for such confidence could be possible on the basis of given and taken, therefore, the organization has to some extent polite in favor of the groups and in the same way the groups have to remain polite to some extent in favor of the organization and this given and taken built long lasting confidence between the organization and groups which is the need and requirement of the le adership. Leadership plays the most unique role in the progress of the organizations, sub-divisions, industries and projects because just on the basis of financial resources and human resources no effective work could be done. Effective and useful work could be done only by the co-ordination between the concerns and groups of the concerns and this co-ordination and confidence is soughted only by the role of the leadership because business concerns can not fulfill the requirement of every single labor or member of labor of such concern. Therefore, by co-coordinating each other the organization can achieve its goals and the groups can also achieve their goals vested with the goals of the organization, industries, sub-divisions and projects. Nature of all the organizations, industries, sub-division and projects are different in the same way the attitude of the leaderships of them are different but the strategies for all of them are same because the labor wants priority to their needs and a bureau cratic leader is the person who can solve the problem of the concerns. 4 Modern Theories of Leadership All the times the element of leadership was available in the business activities and as the business working pace has changed in the same way the theories regarding the leadership are also sophisticated and comprehensive which deals in all the requisite aspects of the leadership out of which some modern theories of leadership are as follows: 4.1 Situational Theory of Hersey Blanchard Situational theory of Hersey Blanchard is based on quantum of direction towards the task, relationship between the leadership and groups and level of maturity of the task so governed by the leadership to the groups. In this theory the quantum of direction is supposed to task behavior while relationship between the leadership and groups is the relationship behavior. It is the ability of the leadership that how good relations and coordination it remains with the subordinates because management and leadership are not the actual power of industries, organizations, sub-divisions, and project, actual power is groups which are in numbers and keeps the ability to change the fate of vendor through its working skills. This theory is divided into three behaviors such as: Task Behavior: This behavior evolves around the leader and the groups in which the leader remains engage in splitting out the duties and responsibilities to the groups according to the task that what is the task, what is the work of the each group, how to do, when to do, who to do, where to do. In task behavior the leader of the groups remains in teaching the duties to the groups about the task and communicate the group in one way just about the task. Relationship Behavior: Relationship behavior is a two way communication behavior in which the leader remains engage in supporting the groups because he has to listen the problems, facilitating the groups for smooth and effective working and encouraging them for building confidence. In relationship behavior the leader remains a part of the task working and support the group in all the ways he possibly could. Level of Maturity: Level of maturity of every person is different and this is basically the consent and taking responsibility of a person to direct their personal behaviors. Every person possesses different level of maturity and in this way understanding and commanding power to the extent of their level of maturity is different. Accomplishment of a task depends upon the maturity level of leader and groups because it is up to the leader that in what way he directs and on the other hand in what way the groups understand. All the leaders possess different abilities and level of maturities but to determine the appropriate style it could be assessed from directions of different leaders in same situation and they way the facilitate and communicate to the groups about the task. Because when the level of maturity goes up the leader will reduce its task behavior and increase relationship behavior because in such situation the understanding of the groups has improved therefore, the leaders have need to facilitate the groups in solving their problems for the accomplishment of task and through this molding attitude the leader can evaluate the right level of maturity of the groups working. This theory is applicable to all industries, organizations, sub-divisions and projects working on long term strategies because with the change in the pace of inventions the skills of the groups/labor are not improving in the same ratio therefore, by communicating properly and training in the requisite fields the business orga nization can get the expected and favorable results with the help of effective leadership. Level of maturity when increase whether of leader or labor then he require facilities through which he can perform more effectively and with more pace than at initial stage, therefore, every business concern even of any level can get advantage of this theory because it is applicable to all level of organization, industries, sub-divisions and projects. 4.2 Charles Handys Theory of Best Fit Approach Theory of Handy is a flexible theory through which his emphasis is on the flexibility of style which is adequate according to the situation and circumstances of work whether the style is preferred by the leader or groups but the style should be competent to fulfill the requirements of the task. In this theory the style should be chosen according to the environment and task performance and it is immaterial that the style is preferred by whom, the leader or the groups. According to Handys best fit approach, a style which is fit in accordance of leader, groups, task and environment occur only when all the factors accept it and such style fulfill all the needs and requirement of the working and it makes the leader confident that all the other workings are in consonance of task and the task now could be completed as is expected. A best fit according to Handy occur only when all the first three factors are at one point and demands same style to be adopted for working and after adopting suc h style all the factor got moderate and perform more effectively then according to Handy this is the best fit approach. This theory is a moderate theory of leadership and can easily applicable to all kind of business of small level because multination companies or multiprojects are of such nature works which works on long term strategies and planning and in long term planning moderate theory is not applicable because such projects are involving huge financial resources of stakeholders and stakeholders never take such kind of risk just relying on leadership. In small company as the strategies are short terms and can be amended when required because it is not involved huge financial risk. Therefore, this approach of Charles Handy best fit is applicable only businesses other than industries, organizations, sub-divisions and multination companies because the said units strictly implement strategies so prepared because such strategies are prepared after considering all the effective factors which directly and indirectly effect the activities of the concern. 4.3 Style (Behavioral) Theories Approach under this theory fully concentrates what a leaders style, what a leader does and what is his behavior. Simply this theory revolves around the style, behavior and activities of a leader. It is very difficult to assess the behavior of a leader because as the previous theory of Charles Handy express the moderate behavior of a leader in this way the behavior of a leader could changed in accordance of circumstances and could never be remain same and therefore, it is difficult for someone to assess the attitude/behavior of a leader. In the same way a style is also difficult to measure because it changes with the changes in the working condition. Autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic and laisser-faire are the term which are used for to describe the general approached used for a leader. Style behavior approach is not a best and comprehensive theory according to me because it is revolving around the activities, behavior and style of a leader that what he does, his behavior and style of working. It is a limited approach and can only be applicable to small enterprises because in large unit or enterprises there is no concept of assumption and molding of style according to the wishes of the leader because large enterprises the strategies are being prepared after reviewing the strategies of last years along with the results. Strategy makers also account for all the factors might be caused in future by using the services of skilled and professionals just to avoid any uncertainty and ambiguity in the strategy. Therefore, this theory is not applicable to industries, organizations, sub-divisions and multination enterprises in no way because it is lacking a number of necessary factors to be account for and is not a comprehensive theory. 5. Leadership Models A leader is role model for his followers and the followers happily adopt the styles of their leader because in their view their leader is the best one in all. Following are leadership models:- 5.1 The Fiedler Contingency Model According to the Fred Fiedler Contingency Model, the best performance of a group is dependent on the proper match between the leaders style of directing his group and the level to which the circumstances allowed the leader to direct and influence to his group. Fred Fiedler is the developer of first contingency model of leadership. This model of leadership proposes that a groups best performances can only be achieved if the match between the style of the leader and follower is compatible because the degree of situation never remains the same but it is the behavioral interaction between the leader and the groups which make it possible to be achieved, therefore, to attain the best performance of a group it is primarily be evaluated that the compatibility between the style and interaction of the leader and group is in consonance or not. In this model it is proposed to be checked that whether a certain leadership style is effective in different situations because situation vary from time to time. This model highlight the leader member relations with the groups, task structure and position power of the leader because these all factors are interrelated to each other because sometimes the style of the leader does not properly match due to the stru cture of the task and sometimes because of the relations between the leader and group the style vary and does not match in such way necessary for the effective performance. 5.2 Leader Participation Model This model stress upon the leadership behavior and participation of leadership in decision making in different situations. According to this model the behavior of the leadership must adjust to reflect the task degree. This model was developed by the Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton. In simple words, this model emphasis on the behavior of the leadership should be flexible which could be adjust to reflect the task structure. This model was got changed in early 1970s because research remained continue to find out the effective leadership style. A leadership should keep in mind the decision making contingencies while he is determining that what leadership style would be most effective in current situation. Team competence, leaders expertise, group expertise, group support, decision significance, importance of commitment and likelihood of commitment are the contingencies of decision making. 5.3 Path-Goal Model Path-Goal Model is developed by Robert House. This model clearly highlight the duty of the leader that it is the duty of the leader to assist his group in attaining the goals and give them proper direction as well as make it possible to provide them the support needed in attaining their goals and to ensure them that their goals are absolutely compatible with the organizational goals and objectives. This is a comprehensive model developed by the Robert House because it deals with the responsibilities and duties of a leader. The basic duty of a leader is to provide assistance to his group and make them able to attain their goals which are indeed compatible to the goals of organization. Through this model Robert House divided the behavior of the leaders in four categories such as: Directive Leaders: Such leaders who directs the followers that what is to be done, when to be done, and how they can accomplish the task so given. Supportive Leader: Supportive leader facilitate their groups for effective performance and remained friendly with them so to build their confidence which directly improve the performance of the followers. Participative Leader: A leader who participate in decision making and before making any decision consult with his followers and consider their suggestion in all respect if possible to consider. Achievement-Oriented Leader: A leader who believe in best performance all the time from his followers because such leader set the challenges and communicate the group member promptly and remained supportive and participative all the time. According to Fred Fiedler the leader should not change his style and should remained strict but on the other hand Robert House propose that the behavior of a leader should be flexible and should be molded in accordance with the situation and this is the symbol of effective leadership because a effective leader always handle the situations not personal ego. Thats why the Path- Goal Model is a comprehensive model which can be applicable to all sorts of organizations, enterprises, sub-divisions and projects because leadership remained committed with the organizational goals which are compatible to the goals of the followers. Advise on the Succession of Sir Alex Ferguson After observing the history of the Manchester United and the previous leader Matt Busby who guided the club since 1949 and retired in 1969 and proved him to be an effective and energetic leader of the club but after his retirement the club remained unfortunate because no manager of the club after him brought back the years of excellence and glory except Sir Alex Ferguson. But when we study the historical background of Sir Alex Ferguson then it is concluded that how difficult Sir Alex Ferguson achieved this position and become an aggressive and dominant leader after facing great difficulties in earlier of his life. All the requirements and skills required to a leader for meeting the challenges in present and future have been detailed hereinabove relying on the theories and model of leadership. Therefore, on the basis of above detailed studies it is suggested to Sir Alex Ferguson that succession should possess the following abilities and skills for effective leadership:- Should have experience of working in same situation as is in Manchester United; Should be diligent and hard working; Should be able to communicate the subordinates properly; Should possess the skill to evaluate the weakness and strengths of the club if any; Should possess the ability to motivate the sub-ordinates properly and get their best performance; Should possess the ability to build confidence of the followers; Should possess the ability to understand clubs needs and goals; Should possess the skill and ability to work under pressure; Should have good attitude towards the groups or followers; Should be able to understand the demands and needs of the groups and followers; Should be able to make right decision in different situations; Should be eligible to overcome the crucial and uncertain situations; Should possess good moral values; Should be supportive and participative towards followers or groups; Finally it is suggested that as Sir Alex Ferguson is available in the club till the next season and also know very well the abilities and skills of the sub-ordinates therefore, being a revolutionary and successful leader of the club, he is the person who can choose the succession of the Manchester United because he possess a very long and health experience of working effective leadership and being an effective leader he is the one who knows very well that which one would be the succession of him and what things are to be understand to the succession and now Sir Alex Ferguson has almost one season and it is sufficient time for him to get choose his succession and do the training of him if required and make him able in his presence to face the gravity of work and this would be most fruitful for Sir Alex and his succession because if under the supervision of Sir Alex his succession perform excellent then Sir Alex could believe him that he would perform good in his absence. Therefore, in my suggestion Sir Alex Ferguson should choose his succession in his presence because where the club is now is due to him therefore, he should have the right to choose his succession with his own will but keeping in view goals and destinations of the Manchester United.

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann's Romeo and Juliet Sex, drugs, and violence are usually a potent combination, and only William Shakespeare could develop them into a masterful, poetic, and elegant story. In the play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," all these aspects of teenage life absorb the reader or watcher. It is understood that Hollywood would try to imitate this masterpiece on screen, and it has done so in two films: Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 "Romeo and Juliet" and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." The updated Luhrmann picture best captures the essence of Shakespeare for the present-day viewer. Through the ingenious use of modernization and location, while preserving Shakespearean language, the spirit of Shakespeare emerges to captivate a large audience. Shakespeare's plays were designed to adapt to any audience: with this in mind, Baz Luhrmann created a film that applies to the modern audience through this updating. Luhrmann modernizes "Romeo and Juliet," through constant alterations of the props, which entice the audience into genuinely feeling the spirit of Shakespeare. First, the movie starts with an prologue masked as a news broadcast on television. This sets the scene of the play by illustrating the violence occurring between the two wealthy families, the Montagues and the Capulets. In Zeffirelli's film of "Romeo and Juliet," the prologue takes the form of a dry narrator relating the story of the Montagues and Capulets over a backdrop of an Italian city. For most modern viewers (especially teenagers), the Luhrmann picture is fast-paced, keeping the spectator intrigued, while the Zeffirelli picture is dreary and dull, an endless maze of long and boring conversations, foreshadowed by the prologue. In Luhrmann's film, the actors, instead of carrying swords with them, hide guns in their shirts and wield them expertly. The death of Romeo and Juliet is (as always) blamed on the post office, for not delivering the letter properly. And, to be politically correct, Mercutio appears at the Capulets' ball dressed as a large woman. The actors in Zeffirelli's version of Shakespeare wear colored tights and bulging blouses; thus they appear more comical because they are outdated. By modernizing these aspects of the play, and reconstructing the prologue, Luhrmann creates a movie

Impressions †art Essay

The ballet paintings of Degas featured women in a variety of intimate moments, so to speak. It is at this point that after trying out a variety of techniques, mediums and themes that his work takes on a completely Impressionist image. Paintings done during his early years turn out to have little resemblance in terms of style and composition to the artwork he did later on. Nevertheless, certain features of Degas’ painting methods remained the same regardless of the many modifications and adaptations to this styles and mediums. For one, he always painted indoors. This remains in effect a testament to his derision at the en plein air technique of the Impressionists; he would always prefer to work in his studio instead, relying on memory or live models for his paintings. This was what he did during some of his paintings on dancers, where he would get a female ballet dancer to act as a live model in his studio. His subject too, remained the primary focus, and the landscapes and background were simply reproduced from memory or created from his imagination. In general, one can say that aspects of Degas’ work carry an element of sensuality, perhaps even hyper-sensuality, in them especially during the paintings of the nudes. It is crucial to know that understanding this is important to be able to successfully analyze, comprehend and appreciate his other works. A blatant example of one of Degas’ works that has clear elements of sensuality is Four Dancers. In this painting, Degas arouses a variety of sensual responses based on the primary visual image, to the eroticism exhibited by the female models. Degas did not only reveal his artistic and personal introversion through linear revelation but also through the use of color and light. The dancers stand in muted quite with earth tones while their outfits have small hints of brilliant color with blue or pink sashes. The stiff form of the skirt while a dancer is standing still and straight as can be witnessed in Four Dancers in the forefront dancer’s position is easily transformed into a fluid myriad of colors whenever a dancer takes movement and Degas reveals an asymmetry with color, line, and the imbalance of the two. Theatre Peter Shaffer’s play Amadeus is in summary about the ‘feckless’ artistic genius of Mozart pitted against the mediocrity of Antonio Salieri whose jealousy over Mozart’s success in the play lends itself to murder. The play was an in depth exploration of Mozart as a man and not just as a genius composer; the director Kent Thompson brought Mozart’s humanity to the stage as well as accurately portraying the script composed by Shaffer. The elements of fear in failure and ebullience in joy were the true rivals in the play, and the way in which the audience relates to these characters was extraordinary. The magic, as it were, of the play was the way in which both Shaffer’s ideas and Kent’s ideas bred a new life into the classical artist Mozart; he was not only a composer by the end of the play but the audience was so engrossed in his life that he became a person to them, relatable with his life, his marriage, his children and his music. The play by Shaffer introduced to audiences a psychological background that was highlighted in Kent’s portrayal by lighting and theme background. The stages were generally a dark atmosphere which juxtaposed Mozart’s own emotional allegiance to failure, but also the lights were introduced in brilliant colors when Mozart’s psyche was enjoying a brief happiness. Kent made the lighting a major part of Shaffer’s script. Kent did a lot of spotlighting, or mood lighting in which only a few characters on stage were illuminated to show their importance. The corners and niches of darkness were the psychological equivalent to the turmoil that Mozart was going through not only in his composition powers, but also in his relationship with his mother, his wife, his rival, himself. Therefore, it was not just the use of lighting but the introduction of shadow that enabled Kent to deftly portray Mozart’s emotional being. Also, Kent incorporated into the design of the show six luxury pendant lamps above the audience members. This allowed the action and the scenery of the stage to overlap the audience so that the actions on stage would be more realistic since the audience was almost part of the play with the same scenery above their head. When the pendant lamps turned on during a palace scene or a scene calling for luxury the audience members were being incorporated into the play by the extension of the stage design into the seats. This is not the only technique Kent used in allowing the audience to become part of the actions on the stage. The way that Shaffer wrote the script, in plot, Salieri is in a wheelchair, and the action is taking place 32 years after Mozart’s, ‘assassination’. Salieri lets out a very penitent dialogue in which he asks the audience to be his confessors. In this action, both Kent and Shaffer are introducing that the suspension of disbelief does not exist at the proscenium, but at the entrance to the audience since the audience itself is asked to become characters, or confessors in the play. The life of the play, the essence that Shaffer had imagined it to be, was aptly give in Kent’s direction. The actors, the plots, the dialogue all gave Amadeus the possession of a reality given in psychological torpor by Salieri and Mozart. Not only was the costume impeccable in portraying 1781, but the props themselves gave the play an extra touch of reality in their presence on stage. The sound in the background, the classical music notes, the rendition of specific Mozart pieces added to the ambiance of the play and the inclusion of the audience members into the action on stage. The lighting however was one element that was very unique in its rendition and aided in the audience’s understanding about characters, setting, and their own inclusion in the play. The lighting was a major part of the success of the play, not only its highlighting of certain characters but in the use of shadow as well; there was a very chiaroscuro effect that Kent employed, that worked for the extra drama of the Amadeus. Dance Gina Pane was able to transform performance art to be inclusive of pain as a gateway of understanding life, and for the audience to understanding of that pain was exhibited through art. Gina Pane would, during her performances, burn her limbs and slice herself with sharp razors. During multiple performances she would take her own blood and outline her physiognomy on the plane of a mirror, at which she was peering. She would take blood from her sliced open eyelids and trace her face in the glass. By performing in this fashion Gina Pane was able to visually and metaphorically re-engineer the product of artistry in her shedding of her own blood which in turn become a dichotomy of both process and product (Hewitt 1997; 103). Thus, not only was the performance geared toward the audience but the act of bloodshed was art, thereby attributing self-mutilation as a genre in performance art. Often times this sacrifice of the performer’s blood is equated with Christ’s sacrifice for redemption of humankind, thus, the performer is acting out self-mutilation thereby cleansing the audience of their sin (Hewitt 1997; 104). The artist is using this pain and sacrifice for the importance of self expression. Gina Pane utilized this masochism in order to save the audience from the din of inexcusable art and thus she saw herself as a scapegoat that eventually rescued the audience from the cultural retardation of art from the perspective of art being disembodied and mundane because of its equaliency of being inhuman or at least no longer defined through human qualities. Gina Pane’s onstage sacrifices were a tribute to her faith in that art was not only for expression but salvation. She believed in the body, and had faith in that art through masochism was a way in which she could associate herself as an artist through recognition of the human as blood and in this was found a truth she wanted to relay to the audience (Hewitt 1997; 104). Art should not be devoid of human life and experiences and thus Gina Pane placed much importance on her shedding of blood as performance. Pane perceived the body as a vehicle, a tool of expression through pathological masochism. Thus, when Pane includes these self-mutilation acts in her work she is making a succinct statement to the audience not only of sacrifice and redemption but also in an egotistical fashion she is stating that her arms are hers to do with what she pleases. If she wants her arms to be scarred then that is how they will be and this message is delivered to the audience as control. Gina Pane’s performances are about control of the body. Music. Gangsta rap originated from the blues as well as poetry since rap in essence is poetry put to a beat just as most African American music derives itself in some form from the Deep South’s work music, so does gangsta rap originate from the hardship of the rappers’ lives, and they lived, where they lived and how they survived which is all put into the lyrics of the gangsta rap song. In gangsta rap, it is with the Blues that it is attributed to adhering to, and it is with the Blues that the cadence and lyrics gangsta rap can be found with regard to the artist and how they wrote blues as a new age rhythm in rap. In the following essay, cultural, economic, and social factors will be explored as to their impact on gangsta rap and the artist. The lyrics and the artist will be compared and contrasted and the difference between the two, will be the focus of the following pages. Also, in the music production, business will be considered, and the aesthetic aspect of production will be examined, both monetarily, and otherwise. Gangsta rap takes its cue from the Blues. The gangsta rap artist illustrates life in the hood; thus they lyrics do not propagate the problem but merely report about the problem. In this fashion gangsta rap artists are more like journalists instead of musicians as most of their lyrics are fueled from poverty stricken lives, doing drugs or selling drugs just to make money or seeing their family and friends to the same thing. All of these issues are written into the gangsta rap lyrics. As mentioned prior, the Blues was a musical form founded in the Deep South, both rooted in spirituals, and labor (Gospel Music Association). The Blues became more sophisticated as the music, and musicians moved from rural landscape to cityscape. It was within the urban environment that the Blues found its voice (Dean, 1998), as it is true that gangsta rap found its voice in the over urbanization of a culture. One of the central figureheads of gangsta rap is Tupac. His blues mixed with voice, lyrics, and the slow acceptance of depression and love in his song are reminiscent of blues, but his strict adherence to the lyrics and the politics in the lyrics made him the transcendental leader of gangsta rap. Gangsta rap is a genre of hip hop which also is heavily influenced by politics. The focus of gangsta rap and the artist was one concerned with inner-city living or ‘da hood’. Thus, the attention to gangs and gang members as part of the lyrics of gangsta rap become synonymous with this type of policy; chaos. Crime and violence are a large part of the lyrical side of gangsta rap because of its origins in the city. The artist writes what they know and it is with lyricists such as Ice-T, and 2Pac that the illusion of the nuclear family was put to waste and the creation or rather recognition of America’s streets was brought to the forefront of society. Gangsta rap is known as a realistic sound, typically associated with the angst filled lyrics of the rising rock and roll sound emerging at the same time with hip hop. Due to the eclectic influence of gangsta rap, the sound was much misinterpreted, or hard to pinpoint as a genre, and thus the inclusion of the advocacy of drugs was initiated into this musical genre. This however is not the case. Gangsta rap is anything is a narrative, and as a narrative the lyrics reflect what the artist is living or already seeing. The artist then becomes a surrogate for the rest of society in understanding life on the street and the real America. Work Cited Hewitt, Kim. Mutilating the Body: Identity in Blood and Ink. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. 1997.